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Rhotic-Of or pertaining to a variety or dialect of English in which r is pronounced not only in pre-vocalic position but also before a consonant or word-finally; characterized by r-pronouncing.

1968 J. C. WELLS in Progress Rep. Phonetics Lab. Univ. Coll. London (unpublished) June 56 It was possible to divide respondents into three categories: A. (non-rhotic) Those who had nonprevocalic r-colouring neither for -er nor for -a; B. (rhotic) Those who had nonprevocalic r-colouring for -er but not for -a; C. (hyperrhotic). 1970 in Jrnl. Linguistics VI. 240 The local accents of the West of England, though..are rhotic. 1982 TRUDGILL & HANNAH Internat. Eng. ii. 13 Rhotic accents are those which actually pronounce /r/, corresponding to orthographic r, in words like far and farm. 1983 Trans. Yorks. Dial. Soc. LXXXIII. 28 Benjamin Disraeli..who from his social background could be expected to have been a ‘non-rhotic’ speaker was in fact ‘rhotic’. 1988 English World-Wide IX. 57 Bansal..recommends a rhotic accent for Indian speakers for better international intelligibility.

Hence rhoticity n., the quality or character of being rhotic; rhoticizing ppl. a. [see -IZE], that renders or tends to make rhotic.

1973 J. C. WELLS Jamaican Pronunc. in London i. 29 The other two characteristics [of an American accent] have been mentioned already. One is the full rhoticity of most kinds of American English. Ibid. v. 99 Adolescents have not been subject to so much rhoticizing pressure. 1983 Trans. Yorks. Dial. Soc. LXXXIII. 28 An r would normally be sounded before a consonant or at the end of a word as well as..before a vowel. This area of ‘rhoticity’ is greater than the comparable one for the non-dialect forms of speech.(OED)

 Non-rhotic-Of or relating to a dialect in which r is only pronounced in pre-vocalic position; characterized by such a pronunciation.

[1893 J. CLARK Man. Linguistics vii. 181 Wherever, medially, in Italic, an s between two vowels followed an unaccented syllable, the final result gave z in the non-rhotacising dialects, such as Oscan, and r (through z) in the rhotacising dialects, such as Latin and Umbrian.] 1968 J. C. WELLS in Progress Rep. Phonetics Lab. Univ. Coll. London (unpublished) June 56 It was possible to divide respondents into three categories: A. (non-rhotic) Those who had nonprevocalic r-colouring neither for -er nor for -a, [etc.]. 1978 D. ABERCROMBIE in P. Strevens In Honour A. S. Hornby viii. 124 It [sc. RP] is not really representative of accents of English, being, as it is, ‘non-rhotic’ (meaning that r is pronounced only at the beginning, and not at the end, of syllables. 1996 J. J. SMITH Hist. Study Eng. ii. 37 Keats suffered at the hands of his first reviewers, and one of the grounds of their criticism was his habit of rhyming such pairs as higher : Thalia, thorns : fawns,..[etc.] indicating that his accent was non-rhotic.(OED)

Polyglossia- The coexistence of two or more languages, or distinct varieties of the same language, within a speech community.

1975 Internat. Migration Rev. 9 350 The language differences involved in all this are considerable, quite sufficient to justify the term ‘diglossia’ (two languages) or even ‘polyglossia’ (several languages). 1985 Amer. Speech 60 163 They all deal with polyglossia in the USA and the need for speakers of nonstandard varieties to vary their speech features in different situations. 2000 M. BAKHTIN in D. Lodge & N. Wood Mod. Crit. &Theory (ed. 2) vi. 124 The speech diversity within language thus has primary importance for the novel. But this speech diversity achieves its full creative consciousness only under conditions of an active polyglossia.(OED)

Elocution-Oratorical or literary expression of thought; literary ‘style’ as distinguished from ‘matter’; the power or art of appropriate and effective expression.(OED)

The Whigs are often described as one of the two original political parties (the other being the Tories) in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to the mid-19th centuries. Although the Whigs' origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute rule, either party might be termed "conservative" by modern standards[citation needed]. Both parties began as loose groupings or tendencies, but became quite formal by 1784, with the ascension of Charles James Fox as the leader of a reconstituted "Whig" party ranged against the governing party of the new "Tories" under William Pitt the Younger.

The Whig party slowly evolved during the 18th century. The Whig tendency supported the Protestant Hanoverian succession and toleration for nonconformist Protestants (the "dissenters," such as Presbyterians), while the Tories supported the exiled Stuart royal family's claims for the throne (Jacobitism), the established Church of England and the gentry. Later on, the Whigs drew support from the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants, while the Tories drew support from the landed interests and the British Crown. The Whigs were originally also known as the "Country Party" (as opposed to the Tories, the "Court Party"). By the first half of the 19th century, however, the Whig political programme came to encompass not only the supremacy of parliament over the monarch and support for free trade, but Catholic emancipation, the abolition of slavery and, significantly, expansion of the franchise (suffrage). Eventually the Whigs would evolve into the Liberal Party (while the Tories became the Conservative Party).

Tories-The term, derived from Tóraidhe, was originally used to refer to an Irish outlaw and later often applied to any Confederate or Royalist in arms.[1] English and British Tories from the time of the Glorious Revolution up until the Reform Bill of 1832 were characterised by strong monarchist tendencies, support of the Church of England, and hostility to reform, while the Tory Party was an actual organization which held power intermittently throughout the same period.(wikipedia)

DRAFT REVISION Mar. 2009    

c1386 CHAUCER Melib. Prol. 7 Now swich a Rym the deuel I biteche This may wel be Rym dogerel quod he. 1494 FABYAN Chron. VII. 294 For thoughe I shulde all day tell Or chat with my ryme dogerell. 1526 SKELTON Magnyf. 413 In bastarde ryme after the doggrell gyse. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie II. iv. (Arb.) 89 A rymer that will be tyed to no rules at all..such maner of Poesie is called in our vulgar, ryme dogrell. 1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Dogge of Warre Wks. II. 226/1 In doggrell Rimes my Lines are writ As for a Dogge I thought it fit. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 60 {page}11 The double Rhymes, which are used in Doggerel Poetry. 1789 BELSHAM Ess. I. xii. 233 The vile doggrel translation of Hobbes. 1868 STANLEY Westm. Abb. v. 397 The doggrel epitaphs which were hung over the royal tombs.

 b. transf. Bastard, burlesque.

1550 BALE Apol. 93 (R.) The diuinite doggerell of that dronken papist Johan Eckius. 1873 G. C. DAVIES Mount. & Mere xix. 177 A doggrel form of prayer.

    B. n. Doggerel verse; burlesque poetry of irregular rhythm; bad or trivial verse.

1630 Tincker of Turvey Ep. Ded. 5 Clownes [have here] plaine dunstable dogrell, for them to laugh at. 1710 ADDISON Whig Exam. No. 1 {page}14 He has a happy talent at doggrel. 1880 L. STEPHEN Pope iii. 71 Chapman..sins..by constantly indulging in sheer doggerel.

    b. A piece of doggerel; a doggerel poem.

1857 O. A. BROWNSON Convert Wks. V. 120 The electioneering campaign of 1840, carried on by doggerels [etc.]. 1892 ANNE RITCHIE Rec. Tennyson, etc. III. vii. 216 A doggerel always had a curious fascination for him [Browning].

    Hence {sm}dogg(e)rel v., -ize v., intr. to compose doggerel; trans. to turn into doggerel; {sm}dogg(e)reler, -ist, -izer, a writer of doggerel; {sm}dogg(e)relism, a doggerel manner of writing.

1680 R. L'ESTRANGE Answ. Litter Libels 9 His Ranging of them Together is a kinde of a Doggrilism. 1732 Gentl. Instructed (ed. 10) 43 (D.) Were I disposed to doggrel it, I would only gloss upon that text. 1817 Monthly Mag. XLIII. 421 The Scotch doggerelist. 1821 Blackw. Mag. X. 388 The Atys, which..Mr. Lambe has so cruelly doggrelized. 1822 Ibid. XI. 363 These dabbling doggrelers. 1832 SOUTHEY Lett. (1856) IV. 259 Some true doggrelizers. 1850 READE Chr. Johnstone vi. (1853) 65 He had been doggrelling when he ought to have been daubing. (OED)

 

·         Synchronic-Linguistics. [tr. F. synchronique (F. de Saussure a 1913, in Cours de linguistique générale (1916) iii. 117).] Pertaining to or designating a method of linguistic study concerned with the state of a language at one time, past or present; descriptive, as opposed to historical or diachronic. Also transf. in Anthropology, etc. (OED)

·         Diachronic-Linguistics. [tr. F. diachronique (F. de Saussure a 1913, in Cours de linguistique générale (1916) iii. 120).] Pertaining to or designating a method of linguistic study concerned with the historical development of a language; historical, as opposed to descriptive or synchronic. Also transf., in Anthropology, etc. Hence diachronically adv.; diachrony. (OED)

·         Unattested: un, prefix-expressing negation, representing OE. un-, = OFris. un-, on-, oen- (WFris. ûn-, on-, EFris. ûn-, NFris. ün-), MDu. (and Du.) on-, OS. (MLG., LG.), OHG. (MLG., G.), and Goth. un-, ON. ú-, ó- (Icel. ó-, Sw. o-, Norw. and Da. u-), corresponding to OIr. in-, an-, L. in- (im-, il-, ir-, i-), Gr. -, -, Arm. an-, Skr. an-, a-, Indo-Eur. *, an ablaut-variant of ne not: see NE adv. The prefix has been very extensively employed in English, as in the other Germanic languages, and is now the one which can be used with the greatest freedom in new formations. ­+ tested-test,v.-To subject to a test of any kind; to try, put to the proof; to ascertain the existence, genuineness, or quality of. to test out, to put (a theory, etc.) to a practical test.(OED) unattested adj. not existing in any documented form: if a will contains unattested changes, the changes will be disregarded although large masonry instruments were not unattested in the world, they were constructed infrequently. • Linguistics denoting a form or usage ...(Oxford Reference)

·         Deviant,n-Something that deviates from normal. (OED)

·         interlanguage, n. Add:    2. Linguistics. A linguistic system typically developed by a student before acquiring fluency in a foreign language, and containing elements of both his or her native tongue and of the target language.(OED)

·         inherent,n.-1. Sticking in; fixed, situated, or contained in something (in physical sense). Const. in, rarely to. Now rare or Obs. 2. fig. Cleaving fast, remaining, or abiding in some thing or person; permanently indwelling. Now rare or Obs. 3. Existing in something as a permanent attribute or quality; forming an element, esp. a characteristic or essential element of something; belonging to the intrinsic nature of that which is spoken of; indwelling, intrinsic, essential.  b. Const. in; formerly to, unto. 4. Vested in or attached to a person, office, etc., as a right or privilege. B. n. Something inherent or indwelling. rare. (OED)

·         prescriptive,adj.-That prescribes or directs; giving definite, precise directions or instructions. In later use, in Linguistics: that lays down rules of usage. (OED)

·         descripive,adj.- Having the quality or function of describing; serving to describe; characterized by description.( In Linguistics, opposed to descriptive, OED)or  assigning a quality rather than restricting the application of the expression modified (Oxford Reference) 

·         Dichotomy,n-  1. Division of a whole into two parts.    a. spec. in Logic, etc.: Division of a class or genus into two lower mutually exclusive classes or genera; binary classification.(OED)

·         AFRICAN-AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH . Terms in SOCIOLINGUISTICS for English as used by a majority of US citizens of Black African background, consisting of a range of socially stratified urban and rural dialects. The most non-standard varieties are used by poor blacks with limited ... (From Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language in English Language Reference)