CROWLEY’s QUESTIONS
1. What does elocution mean? What are elocution lessons? Do they exist
in Spanish?
Elocution is the study of formal
speaking in pronunciation, grammar, style, and tone. Elocution lessons are
lessons to improve pronunciation, grammar, style and tone. I think that these
lessons exist in Spanish in academies or specific schools.
2.
What do polyglossia and monoglossia
mean?
Polyglossia:
means the coexistence of multiple languages in the same area. Monoglossia: means the predominance of one language
in an area, the absence of a coexistence of languages.
3.
What kind of English does Puttenham recommend?
He recommends the speech of the court
that is the natural, pure and most usual of a country.
4.
What does “copious” mean?
Copious: means
abundant.
5.
What does “trope” mean?
Trope: means the
use of a word in a different sense than that which is proper to it.
6.
Why does
Because it was a process of fights
until the standard language became regularized. It was a common trope in the 18th
century.
7.
What does “encomium” mean?
Encomium: is an expression
of praise.
8.
Who wrote the “Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English
Tongue” (1712)?
Jonathan Swift.
9.
Do Johnson and Swift agree that the English language has degenerated?
Yes. They agree that the English
language has degenerated, because, in fact, that language is linked with the
civil and religious constitution, and it degenerates like any kind of
government.
10.
Swift proposes an academy. Who else?
Defoe, Addison,
11.
Why were the Whigs against an academy?
Because they
related it with the academy to
12.
What does
He means the metaphysical
constitution and spirit of the British people. Because British people would not
summit to any laws they do not give their own consent.
13.
What reason does Swift give for the “decay of Latin”?
The change of government into tyranny,
no more encouragement for popular orators, freedom of the city and capacity for
employments to several towns which brought foreign pretenders into Rome.
14.
What does “suffer” mean?
It refers to the fact that writers
have changed language a lot by the invention of new words and expressions.
15.
Who was the first person to make the link between language and nation?
Herder.
16.
What was Sheridan´s solution to the problem of
divergence in pronunciation?
He proposed that clergy should be taught
pronunciation in order that they could then act as the medium of propagation.
17.
How did several authors describe other European languages?
Lemon classifies French as flimsy,
Italian as neat and Spanish as grave, Saxon, High Dutch as belgic…
In Robinson
Crusoe.
19.
Locke thought that learning Latin was not necessary for which group of people?
For the
bourgeois.
20.
How did learning standard English help to empower people?
The language is directly related to
political and social factors and standard English became prestigious in society.
21.
What kind of English is deemed to be “proper” English?
The one used in
22.
How was the inculcation of linguistic patterns carried out with middle-class
children?
By means of
discipline, punishment and education.
23.
What was the purpose of training women linguistically in the 18th C. according
to
To fulfill
the role of the mother, passing on pure language to her children; and to act as
companion to the men in public spheres.
24.
Why did Locke warn against children talking to servants?
Because he thought that they would
learn inadequate habits as well as tricks and vices and use the language in a
bad way.
25.
What was the difference between the mistakes made by the working classes and
those made by the Gentry according to
He argues that the working classes
make structural mistakes, whereas the Gentry generally make occasional mistakes.