His works
The
Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club - 1837
Dickens' first novel was
illustrated by popular artist Robert Seymour. After the second
monthly installment artist Seymour committed suicide and Hablot
Knight Browne (Phiz) was chosen to replace him. The novel, which
follows the adventures of Samuel Pickwick and his friends, was a
huge success. During the writing of the monthly numbers the
author was known only to his readers by the pen name Boz. Only
when the entire work was published was the author's identity
revealed which launched Dickens to celebrity status.
The Adventures of
Oliver Twist - 1838
Dickens' second novel tells the
story of the orphan Oliver set against the seamy underside of the
London criminal world. Published in monthly parts partly
concurrent with Pickwick, the novel was illustrated by George
Cruikshank.In this departure from the merry world of Pickwick,
Dickens targets the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 which renewed
the importance of the workhouse as a means of relief for the
poor. Dickens was severely criticized for introducing criminals
and prostitutes in Oliver Twist. The novel was well received but
not with the adulation of Pickwick.
The Life and Adventures of
Nicholas Nickleby - 1839
Published in 20 monthly
installments, Dickens third novel was illustrated by Hablot K.
Browne (Phiz). Dickens and Phiz, traveling under assumed names,
visited the notorious boarding schools in Yorkshire to do
background research for the novel.
The Old Curiosity
Shop - 1841
Illustrated by George Cattermole
and Phiz. This installment novel was so popular that its weekly
sales rose to a hundred thousand. It tells the story of Nell and
her grandfather. As the conclusion of the book neared Dickens was
inundated with letters begging him to spare Nell's life. With the
last installment arriving by ship, crowds in New York shouted
from the pier "Is Little Nell Dead?"
Barnaby Rudge - 1841
Dickens fifth novel was his first
historical novel, his second and last being A Tale of Two Cities.
This work concentrates on the Gordon (anti-Catholic) Riots in
London in 1780. Barnaby's pet raven, Grip, was based on Dickens'
own pet raven of the same name. The novel was illustrated by
Phiz.
The Life and
Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit - 1843
Dickens sixth novel, written
after taking a year off during which he visited America for the
first time, was less than enthusiastically received. The novel
deals with the greed of Old Martin's relatives, chiefly Mr.
Pecksniff, hoping to inherit his wealth. In the sixth
installment, hoping to fend off lagging sales, Dickens has young
Martin Chuzzlewit, the old man's grandson, go off to America.
Dickens goes on to vent some of his ill feelings for the former
colony he recently visited. American audiences were enraged.
Although initial sales of the novel were disappointing, the
novel's popularity later grew to the point where it is now one of
Dickens' most popular works.
A Christmas Carol -
1843
Dickens began writing his
"Little Carol" in October, 1843 finishing it by the end
of November in time to be published for Christmas with
illustrations by John Leech. Feuding with his publishers, Dickens
financed the publishing of the book himself, setting the price at
5 shillings so that everyone could afford it. On the first day of
its release the book sold six thousand copies and its popularity
continued to grow. The best of his Christmas Books, A Christmas
Carol has become a Christmas tradition and easily Dickens' best
known book.
Dombey and Son - 1848
Dickens' seventh novel,
illustrated by Phiz, was his first with his new publishers,
Bradbury and Evans. Dickens worried about his new publisher's
abilities to sell his work but the new novel's monthly
installments were soon selling at up to 40,000 copies a month.
William Thackeray, whose monthly installments of Vanity Fair were
being sold by Bradbury and Evans during this same time, was
selling at best only 5000 copies a month. It was after Dombey and
Son was published that Dickens' reputation as a world class
author was established and he never again felt he had to write
for need of money.
The Personal History
of David Copperfield - 1850
Dickens' eighth novel,
illustrated by Phiz, is a disguised autobiography with many of
the story lines mirroring Dickens' own life. John Dickens,
Dickens' father, becomes two fictional characters in the book.
Mr. Murdstone represents the stern, unfeeling side of John
Dickens and Mr. Micawber the well intentioned but improvident
side. This successful weaving of fact and fiction produced one of
Dicken's most popular works and his personal favorite.
Bleak House - 1853
Dickens' ninth novel, illustrated
by Phiz, was intended to illustrate the evils caused by long,
drawn-out suits in the Courts of Chancery. Dickens had observed
the inner workings of the courts as a reporter in his youth and
observed that "The one great principle of the English law is
to make business for itself". Bleak House is often
considered Dickens' finest work although not his most popular.
Hard Times - 1854
Dickens tenth novel again flies
the banner of social reform, this time the subject is the
treatment of men, woman, and children who are merely pawns in the
sweeping Industrial Revolution of the 1840's.
Little Dorrit - 1857
In his eleventh novel, again
illustrated by Phiz, Dickens' childhood memories of his father's
imprisonment in the Marshalsea for debt are brought forth again
as the centerpiece of the story of William Dorrit, whose family
is also imprisoned there. This book, along with its predecessor,
Hard Times, marked a turn in Dickens' writing toward a darker and
gloomier outlook on life.
A Tale of Two Cities
- 1859
Dickens' twelfth novel with
illustrations by Phiz begins "It was the best of times, it
was the worst of times..." The novel is set against the
backdrop of the French Revolution and Dickens' researched the
historical background meticulously, using his friend Thomas
Carlyle's History of the French Revolution as a reference. This
historical accuracy led to the rather un-Dickensian feel of the
book.
Great Expectations -
1861
The thirteenth novel, this time
illustrated by Marcus Stone, contains a strong autobiographical
element, though not as openly as in David Copperfield, it is much
deeper. Dickens reread Copperfield before beginning Great
Expectations to avoid unintentional repetition. Called Dickens
darkest work by some, it was very well received by Victorian
readers and remains one of Dickens most popular works today. Many
consider this novel Dickens' greatest use of plot,
characterization, and style and Great Expectations the
masterpiece of Dickens' works.
Our Mutual Friend -
1865
Dickens' fourteenth novel,
illustrated by Marcus Stone, was also his last completed novel.
The story centers on the effects of greed and the corruption that
money brings. The writing was slow and the monthly installments
were not selling well. Dickens was beginning to feel the effects
of illness that would plague him the rest of his life.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood - 1870
Dickens' fifteenth novel, and his
last, was never completed. The story is a murder mystery in which
Edwin Drood is supposedly murdered and his uncle is suspect in
the murder. Dickens left exactly half of the monthly installments
unfinished when he suffered a stroke and died June 8, 1870.
Although much conjecture about the end of the story has taken
place, Dickens revealed his plan for the end of the work to no
one. The Mystery of Edwin Drood remains a mystery to this day.