1. What
does "elocution" mean? What are elocution lessons? Do they exist in
Spanish?
(page 54)
Elocution is the art of
careful public speaking, using clear pronunciation and good breathing to
control the voice.
In the elocution lessons
you learn how to speak in public forgetting about your fears and loosing your
sense of shame.
2. What
do "polyglossia" and "monoglossia" mean? (page 55)
Polyglossia: the
existence of multiple languages in the same area.
Monoglossia: an area
where a single language is spoken.
3. What
kind of English does Puttenham recommend? (page 55)
The language of the Court
and within the area of
4. What
does "copious" mean? Look up pronunciation. (page 56, paragraph 2)
In large amounts, more
than enough.
5. What
does "trope" mean? (page 57, para. 2)
It’s a rhetoric figure
which consists of using the words in a sense that it is not their literal
sense.
6. Why
does
Because the linkage of
language and war was a very common trope in the 18th c.
7. Wat
does "encomium" mean (page 58, para. 2)
A speech or piece of
writing that praises someone or something highly.
8. Who
wrote the "Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English
Tongue"
(1712)? (page 59)
Jonathan Swift.
9. Do
Johnson and Swift agree that the English language has degenerated? (page 60)
Yes. Swift has tried to
reform the language to create a proper vehicle of communication and Jhonson
states that we must make some struggles for our language because tongues like
governments have a natural tendency to degeneration.
10. Swift
proposed an academy. Who else? (page 61)
It was proposed by Daniel
Defoe, Joseph Addison, Dryden and Wilson.
11. Why
were the Whigs (See Whigs and Tories in Wikipaedia) against an academy?
(page 61,
bottom of page)
Because the academy was identified to Whig eyes at least,
with
The Whigs are often described as one of the two original political
parties (the other being the Tories) in England and later the United
Kingdom from the late 17th to the mid-19th centuries. Although the
Whigs' origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition
to absolute rule, either party might be termed
"conservative" by modern standards.
12. What
does
It refers to the strong
character of the English people, their metaphysical spirit. And this is because
“The English have no idea of submitting to any laws to which they do not give
their own consent”.
13. What
reason does Swift give for the "decay of Latin" (page 63, bottom)
The change of their
Government into a Tyranny, which ruined the study of Eloquence; there being no
further Use of Encouragement for popular Orators.
14. What
does "suffer" in line 2 of page 66 mean?
Suffer here means “it
took them”.
15. Who
was the first person, involved in German cultural nationalism, to make the link
between
language and nation? (page 67 para. 2)
It was necessary to
establish a link between language and nation at a theoretical level, Herder was the first to
propose this link and his idea was taken into German Romanticism and transposed
into the various forms of cultural nationalism which arose across
16. What
was
69,
bottom)
He proposed teaching the
clergy to pronounce English in the standard way in order that they could act as
the medium by which it could be propagated.
17. How
did several authors describe other European languages? Do you agree with this
kind of
classification? (page 71)
Lemon said that compared
with English, French was “flimsy”, Italian was merely “neat”, Spanish “grave”,
Saxon, High Dutch “Belgic” and the Teutonic tongues were natively “hoarse” and
“rough”.
I don’t agree with this
classification because I think every language deserves respect as there isn’t
any language better than another.
Robinson Crusoe.
19. Locke
thought that learning Latin was not necessary for which group of people?
(page 77
-also 75)
For the tradesman. In
fact he says that is unnecessary for the bourgeoisie which is to be replaced by
the language of commerce.
20. How
did learning to speak English using standard English empower people? (page
78).
Using standard English
means that you belong to the medium or high social class and this gives you
prestige.
21. What
kind of English is deemed to be "proper" English? (page 80,
bottom-page 81,
top).
The language properly so
called is found in the upper and middle ranks, over the whole
22. How
was the inculcation of linguistic patterns carried out with middle-class
children
(page 84,
bottom, page 85, top).
For some middle-class
school children inculcation of the habits was conducted by a process which we
might call that of discipline, punishment and education rewards and punishment
went hand in hand in the whole process of giving children the orthographic and
semantics skills required for their social position.
23. What
was the purpose of training women linguistically in the 18th century according to
Women were to be
linguistically educated then for two purposes: to fulfil the role of the
mother, passing on pure language to the child and to act as companion to the male in the public sphere.
24. Why
did Locke warn against children talking to servants? (page 93,top).
“They are wholly, if
possible, to be kept from such conversation: for the contagion of this ill
precedent, both in civility and virtue, horribly affects children, as often as
they come within reach of it. They frequently learn, from such unbred or
debauched servants, such language, unfowardly tricks ad vices, as otherwise
they possibly would be ignorant of all their lives”.
25. What
was the difference between the mistakes made by the working classes and
those
made by the gentry according to
Working classes make structural mistakes, the
way they Spike. On the other hand gentlemen make occasional, non-structural
mistakes.
