1. Black, Sidney J. ' Eighteenth century' `Histories´as a fictional mode'
    Boston University Studies in English, 1 (1955), 38-44. (Stoler)

Defoe disguised fiction as fact in order to appeal to moral sense of middle-class. Author claims Defoe helped create a new fictional mode.
(Stoler)

2. Coetzee, J.M. ' The Agentless Sentence as Rethorical Device.'
Language and Style: An International Journal, 13 (1980), 26-34

Use of passive voice for father´s advice allows Defoe to present Crusoe´s success as natural, bourgeoisie as all-deserving. (Stoler)

3. Karl, Frederick R. 'Daniel Defoe: The Politics of Neccesity.' The Adversary literature: The English Novel in the Eighteenth Century, A study in Genre.  New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.1975. Pp 68-98

The author considers Defoe´s fiction as undermining bourgeois values.
Crusoe ignores his father´s advice and finds his own way in the world. (Stoler)

4. Legouis, Emile, and Louis Cazamian. ' De Foe .' In Histoire de la litterature anglaise. Paris: Hachette, 1924. Pp 749-54.

In general discussion of Defoe´s works and European reaction, the authors see Defoe as expressing the voice of the ' average bourgeoisie' for the first time .Crusoe represents the ' rude and patient effort through which civilitation is born' (Peterson)

5. Pearlman, E. ' Robinson Crusoe and the cannibals ' . Mosaic, 10 (1976), 39-55

The author applies Freudianism and Marxism to Robinson Crusoe and describes middle-class individualism and colonialim as neurotic.
(Stoler)

6.Rogers, Pat. ' Crusoe´s home ' . Essays in criticism, 24 (1974), 35-90

Rejecting analysis of middle-class exploitation and primitive-in-nature, the author suggests that Crusoe´s story is really about bourgeois domesticity, based on the preponderance of his activity on the island and the feelings he expresses about his ' home'.
(Stoler)

7. Shinagel, Michael. Daniel Defoe and Middle-Class Gentility.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1968.(Stoler)

Defoe embodied middle-class attitudes and was spokesman for middle-class interests. The author examines middle-class gentility in three sections: ' The making of a Middle-Class gentlemen;'
Middle-Class Gentility in Defoe´s fiction; ' and ' The tradesman as gentleman. '(Stoler)

8.Toliver, Harold. Animate Illusions: Explorations of Narrative Structure. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1974.

Foreshadowing provides structural coherence and reflects middle-class desire to control / order events / nature. (Stoler)
 

9.Stein, William Bysshe. ' Robinson Crusoe: 'The Trickster Tricked. '
Centennial Review, 9 (1965), 271-88

Defoe used conscious irony in showing the inmorality and materialistic ambition of Crusoe, who the author describes as an ' illogical, cowardly buffoon. ' From this is deduced Defoe´s intention to demostrate the importance of the bourgeoisie and reconcile its materialism and spirituality. (Stoler)

10. West, Alick: The mountain in the Sunlight: Studies in conflict and Unity. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1958.

The author takes a Marxist approach to questions of money and human relations in Robinson Crusoe first rejects middle-class position, but then ends up a bourgeois exploiter.(Stoler)
 

To see the whole article click here