Scotland
_Plymouth, Massachussets. Settlers mainly from East o England and Midlands.(non-rhotic)
_Virginia settlers mainly from West Country of England.
United States English Today
_American English
_General English (rhotic)
_Southern States (non-rhotic, drawl)
_New England (non-rhotic)
_New York (non-rhotic) (dental “d” and “t”)
_African American Vernacular English
_Spanglish
Canada
_Peace of Utrecht (1713) Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay ceded to Britain by French.
_The rest of New France conquered by Britain and ceded in 1763.
_40,000 Loyalists arrived in Nova Scotia and Ontario during and after American War of Independence 1775-1783.
_Dominion of Canada 1867: control of home affairs.
Canadian English
_Virtually indistinguishable from American English due to influence of southern neighbour.
_ Use of “eh”.
_Diphthong for words like about, knife have not been lowered as in RP and General American.
_No distinction between initial /hw/ and /w/, making which/witch homphones.
Africa
_The first permanent British settlement on the African continent was made at James Island in the Gambia River in 1661.
_Sierra Leone became British possession in 1787.
_Cape of Good hope (now part of South Africa) acquired in 1806.
_The British East Africa Protectorate was established in 1896: Kenya, Uganda
_Zanzibar, Tanzania (after WW1)
English in Africa
_English is the official language of 16 countries:
_in West Africa Cameroon (with French), Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone.
_in East Africa Sudan (with Arabic) Uganda
_in Southern Africa Botswana, Lesotho (with Sesotho), Malawi (with Chichewa), Namibia,
South Africa (with Afrikaans and nine indeginous languages), Swaziland,
Zambia and Zimbabwe.
_In Kenya and Tanzania, Swahili is the official language, English the second and medium of higher education.
_Standard English occupies a priviledged place in the stratification of languages in these regions,
but is largely a minority language learned mainly through formal education
(Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language)
English-speaking Caribbean
_12 independent countries: Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize (on the Central American mainland), Dominica, Grenada, Guyana (on the South American mainland),
Jamaica, Saint Kitts/Nevis (known also as Saint Christopher/Nevis), Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago.
_6 dependent territories: Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Anguilla, Turks and Caicos Islands and Montserrat.
Caribbean English
_Standard English: used by a minority. Now lots of American influence.
_Creoles based on European lexicons and African substrates.
_The English-based creoles can be viewed as dialects of English or languages in their own right.
_Mesolect: somewhere between creole and localized English.
India
_Clive defeated the French company and captured Bengal (1757)
_Power transferred from English East India Company to the British Crown (1858)
_ India: Hindi plus 14 official languages and English
_Pakistan: Urdu (official); Punjabi, Sindhi; Pashtu; English
Australia and New Zealand
_Captain James Cook claimed New South Wales as a British possession in 1770.
_British penal colony of New South Wales founded in 1788.
_Tasmania settled in 1803
_New Zealand, visited by Cook from 1769. Became colony in 1840.
Australian English
_London English dominant but settlers from all parts of Great Britain.
_Most marked characterisc: Homogeneity but varieties go from Broad Australian, General Australian and Cultivated Australian.
_New Zealand English indistinguishable from Australian to most outsiders.
URL’s African English Creoles English in Africa
Arrival in America
Australia VIDEO 1 & VIDEO 2
Canadian English Highlanders /Highlanders after Culloden
Indian English / Indian girls