Variability - The fact or quality
of being variable in some respect; tendency towards, capacity for, variation or
change.
Barrn - A child; a son or daughter.
(Expressing relationship, rather than age.)
Twippi – it is an Indian word which means tent
Wowster- Killjoy
(Australian origin)
Cobber-
Friend (Australian origin)
Larrikin- A youth (Australian origin)
Register - Linguistics. A variety of a
language or a level of usage, spec. one regarded in terms of degree of
formality and choice of vocabulary, pronunciation, and (when written)
punctuation, and related to or determined by the social role of the user and
appropriate to a particular need or context.
Dialect - Manner of speaking, language,
speech; esp. a manner of speech peculiar to, or characteristic of, a
particular person or class; phraseology, idiom.
Synchronic- Linguistics. [tr. F. synchronique (F. de Saussure a
Diachronic- Linguistics. [tr. F. diachronique (F. de Saussure a 
chronically
adv.; diachrony.
Standard - Applied to that variety of a spoken
or written language of a country or other linguistic area which is generally
considered the most correct and acceptable form, as Standard English, American,
etc.; Received Standard; also, standard pronunciation = received
pronunciation
Non-standard - Linguistics. Containing or
designating a feature which is especially associated with uneducated usage.
Descriptive grammar- refers to the structure of a
language as it is actually used by speakers and writers
Prescriptive grammar- refers to the structure of a
language as certain people think it should be used. Both kinds of grammar are
concerned with rules but in different ways. Specialists in descriptive
grammar(called linguistics) study the rules or patterns that underlie our use
of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. On the other hand, prescriptive
grammar lay out the rules about what they believe to be the “correct” or
“incorrect” use of language.
Constraints- what changes are possible and what
are not
Embedding- how change spreads from central
point through a speech community
Evaluation- social responses to language change
(prestige overt and covered attitudes to language, linguistic stereotyping and
notions on correctness)
Transition- the intervening stages which can be
observed, or which must be posited, between any two forms of a language defined
or a language community at different times
Actuation- why particular changes take place at
particular time
Metaphor- A figure of speech in which a name
or descriptive word or phrase is transferred to an object or action different
from, but analogous to, that to which it is literally applicable; an instance
of this, a metaphorical expression.
Shibboleth- 1. The Hebrew word used by Jephthah as a
test-word by which to distinguish the fleeing Ephraimites (who could not
pronounce the sh) from his own men the Gileadites (Judges xii. 4-6).
2. transf. a. A word or sound which a
person is unable to pronounce correctly; a word used as a test for detecting
foreigners, or persons from another district, by their pronunciation.
b. A peculiarity of
pronunciation or accent indicative of a person's origin.
Indo-European -
Common to India and Europe; applied to the great family or class of
cognate languages (also called INDO-GERMANIC and ARYAN, q.v.) spoken over the greater part of
Europe and extending into Asia as far as northern India, and to the race or its
divisions characterized by the use of one or other of these languages.
The earliest name for this family of languages, and, both
from priority of date and superior fitness of expression, having greater claims
than INDO-GERMANIC.
To go bezerc-
means to go crazy ( this expression comes from the Viking warier)
Dainelaw- as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the
Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish:
Danelov), is a historical name given
to the part of Great Britain in which the laws of the "Danes”
dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons.
Covered Prestige- is a term given to a
situation when a person imitates someone
from his/hers own community
Prestige motivation
for change – It is a term that
refers to differences between groups separated by certain social variables,
e.g., ethnicity, status, gender, level of education, age, etc., and how
creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in
social class or socio-economic classes. As the usage of a language varies from
place to place (dialect),
language usage varies among social classes.
Solidarity
constraint - is when a particular social group tries to save there own way of
speaking, without taking into account weather it is standard or not: Black
Dialect, New Kassel Dialect, etc…
Mills- factory where the arms are made
Coxcomb- a foolish, conceited, showy person,
vain of his accomplishments, appearance, or dress; a fop; ‘a superficial
pretender to knowledge or accomplishments’ (J.). A superficial dandy
Creole- is a mixture of European-English and
African languages
Peagon- is a trade language( a simplified
kind of kind of language)
Substrate- African-American language. substrate language = substratum
language s.v. SUBSTRATUM
1957 Archivum Linguisticum IX. 130 The present work does. take into
account..the influence, which has been considerable, of the *substrate
languages. 1964 R. H. ROBINS Gen.
Linguistics viii.
Ebonics- A non-standard form of American English characteristically spoken by
African Americans in the Unated States
Elocution- The art of public speaking so far as it regards delivery, pronunciation,
tones, and gestures; manner or style of oral delivery. Also attrib.
Oratorical or literary expression of thought;
literary ‘style’ as distinguished from ‘matter’; the power or art of
appropriate and effective expression.
Polyglossia - The coexistence of
two or more languages, or distinct varieties of the same language, within a
speech community.
Monoglossia- existence of only one
language within a speech community
Copious- Abounding in
information; full of matter.
Trope- A figure of speech
which consists in the use of a word or phrase in a sense other than that which
is proper to it; also, in casual use, a figure of speech; figurative language.
Encomium- A formal or
high-flown expression of praise; a eulogy, panegyric.