Mary Shelley Biography and List of Works

 

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English Romantic novelist, biographer and editor, best known as the author of FRANKENSTEIN, OR, THE MODERN PROMETHEUS (1818). Shelley was 21 when the book was published. The story deals with an ambitious young scientist. He creates life but then rejects his creation, a monster.

"But success shall crown my endeavours. Wherefore not? Thus far I have gone, tracking a secure way over the pathless seas: the very stars themselves being witnesses and testimonies of my triumph. Why not still proceed over the untamed yet obedient element? What can stop the determined heart and resolved will of man?"
(from Frankenstein)

Mary Shelley was born in London. Her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, who died in childbirth, was one of the first feminists. Her father was the writer and political journalist William Godwin, who became famous with his work An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793). Godwin had revolutionary attitudes to most social institutions, including marriage. Among his other books are Things as They Are, or The Adventures of Caleb Williams (1794).

In her childhood Mary Shelley was left to educate herself amongst her father's intellectual circle. She published her first poem at the age of ten. At the age of 16 she ran away to France and Switzerland with the poet Percy Shelley. They married in 1816 after Shelley's first wife had committed suicide by drowning. Their first child, a daughter, died in Venice, Italy, a few years later. In HISTORY OF SIX WEEKS TOUR (1817) the Shelley's jointly record their life. Thereafter they returned to England and Mary gave birth to a son, William.

The story of Frankenstein begins in the summer of 1816 when Mary joined Percy Shelley and Claire Clairmont at a Chateau near Geneva. She took a challenge set by Byron and Shelley to write the most frightening ghost story. The idea came to her in a dream.

"I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. For this I have deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation; but now that I have finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart."
(from Frankenstein)

The first edition of the book had an unsigned preface by Percy Shelley. Many took Percy to be the novels author, disbelieving that a 19-year-old woman could write such horror story. However, when the book was published in 1818, it became a huge success.

In 1818 the Shelley's left England for Italy, where they remained until Percy's death - he drowned in 1822 in the Bay of Spezia near Livorno. In 1819 Mary suffered a nervous breakdown after the death of William - she had also lost a daughter the previous year. In 1822 she had a dangerous miscarriage. Of their children only one, Percy Florence, survived infancy. In 1823 she returned with her son to England, determined not to-re-marry. She devoted herself to his welfare and education and continued her career as a professional writer.

None of Shelley's subsequent works match the power of her first legendary novel. Her later works include LODORE (1835) and FAULKNER (1937), both romantic potboilers, and the unfinished MATHILDE (1819, published 1959), which draws upon her relations with Godwin and Shelley. VALPERGA (1823) is a romance set in the 14th- century, and THE LAST MAN (1826) depicts the end of human civilization, set in the 21st century.

Shelley gave up writing fiction when realism started to gain popularity, exemplified in the works of Charles Dickens. She wrote numerous short stories for popular periodicals, particularly The Keepsaker, produced several volumes of Lives for Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia, and the first authorative edition of Shelley's poems (1839, 4 vols.). Shelley's well-received travelogue RAMBLES IN GERMANY AND ITALY appeared in 1844.

FRANKENSTEIN; OR, THE MODERN PROMETHEUS (1818)
Frankenstein is a student of natural philosophy in Geneva. He builds a creature in the semblance of a man and gives it life. Those who see it repeatedly reject the creature, but the monster proves intelligent, and later highly articulate. Receiving no love, it becomes embittered. Frankenstein deserts his creation but then agrees to make a mate for the monster. A wave of remorse makes him destroy the female. The lone creature swears revenge. He kills Frankenstein's bride on their wedding night. (1818) Frankenstein is a student of natural philosophy in Geneva. He builds a creature in the semblance of a man and gives it life. Those who see it repeatedly reject the creature, but the monster proves intelligent, and later highly articulate. Receiving no love, it becomes embittered. Frankenstein deserts his creation but then agrees to make a mate for the monster. A wave of remorse makes him destroy the female. The lone creature swears revenge. He kills Frankenstein's bride on their wedding night.

The scientist is driven insane, but recovers and chases the creature across the world. The two have a final confrontation in the Arctic wastes. Frankenstein dies and the creature disappears into the wilderness mourning the loss of the man who gave him life. - The novel contains no supernatural elements; the creation of the monster is described in the third edition in a rational scientific basis. The work epitomizes the scientist who experiments first and thinks about the consequences later.

For further reading: Mary Shelley: A Biograph by R. Glynn Grylls (1938); Child of Light by Muriel Spark (1951); Mary Shelley by Eileen Bigland (1959); Ariel Like a Harpy by Christopher Small (1972); Mary Shelley by William Walling (1972); The Annotated Frankenstein by Leonard Wolf (1977); Moon in Eclipse by Jane Dunn (1978); Mary Shelley by Harold Bloom (1985); Approaches to Teaching Shelley's Frankenstein, ed. by Stephen C. Behrendt, Anne Kostelanetz Mellor (1990); Mary Shelley: Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters by Anne K. Mellor (1990); Frankenstein: Mary Shelley's Wedding Guest by Mary Lowe-Evans (1993); Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: An Introduction by Betty, T. Bennett (1998); Frankenstein Creation and Monstrosity, ed. by Stephen Bann(1995); In Search of Frankenstein by Radu Florescu (1997); Mary Shelley: Frankenstein's Creator: First Science Fiction Writer by Joan Kane Nichols (1998); Frankenstein: Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism, ed by Johanna M. Smith (2000); Readings on Frankenstein, ed. by Don Nardo(J2000) - bibliography Mary Shelley by W.H. Lyles (1975) - See also: Robert Louis Stevenson

Frankenstein films:

  • FRANKENSTEIN, 1931, dir. James Whale
  • THE BRIDE OF FRANKENSTEIN, 1935, dir. James Whale
  • SON OF FRANKENSTEIN, 1939, dir. Rowland W. Lee
  • THE GHOST OF FRANKENSTEIN, 1942, dir. Erle C. Kenton
  • FRANKENSTEIN MEETS THE WOLF MAN, 1943, dir. Roy William Neill
  • HOUSE OF FRANKENSTEIN, 1944, dir. Erle C. Kenton
  • HOUSE OF FRACULA, 1945, dir. Erle C. Kenton
  • ABBOT AND COSTELLO MEET FRANKENSTEIN, 1948, dir. Charles D. Barton
  • THE CURSE OF FRANKENSTEIN, 1957, dir. Terence Fisher
  • I WAS A TEENAGE FRANKENSTEIN, 1957, dir. Herbert L. Strock
  • FRANKENSTEIN '70, 1958, dir. Howard W. Koch
  • THE EVIL OF FRANKENSTEIN, 1964, dir. Freddie Francis
  • FURANKENSHUTAIN TAI BARAGON, 1965, dir. Inoshiro Honda
  • FRANKENSTEIN MEETS THE SPACE MONSTER, 1965, dir. Robert Gaffney
  • FURANKENSHUTAIN NO KAIJA, 1966, dir. Inoshiro Honda
  • JESSE JAMES MEET'S FRANKENSTEIN'S DAUGHTER, 1966, dir. William Beaudine
  • FRANKENSTEIN CREATED WOMAN, 1967, dir. Terence Fisher
  • FRANKENSTEIN MUS BE DESTROYED, 1969, dir. Terence Fisher
  • THE HORROR OF FRANKENSTEIN, 1970 dir. Jimmy Sangster
  • DRACULA VERSUS FRANKENSTEIN, 1971, dir. Al Adamson
  • DRACULA, PRISONER OF FRANKENSTEIN, 1972, dir. Jesús Franco
  • ANDY WARHOL'S FRANKENSTEIN, 1973, dir. Paul Morrissey, Antonio Margheriti
  • BLACKENSTEIN, 1973, dir. William A. Levey
  • FRANKENSTEIN AND THE MONSTER FROM HELL, 1973, dir. Terence Fisher
  • FRANKENSTEIN'S CASTLE OF FREAKS, 1973, dir. Robert H. Oliver
  • FRANKENSTEIN: THE TRUE STORY, 1973, dir, Jack Smight
  • YOUNG FRANKENSTEIN, 1974, dir. Mel Brooks
  • VICTOR FRANKENSTEIN, 1975, dir. Calvin Floyd
  • FRANKENSTEIN'S ISLAND, 1982, dir. Jerry Warren
  • THE BRIDE, 1985, dir. Franc Roddam
  • GOTHIC, 1986, dir. Ken Russel
  • DOCTOR HACKENSTEIN, 1989, dir. Richard Clark
  • FRANKENHOOKER, 1990, dir. Frank Henenlotter
  • FRANKENSTEIN UNBOUND, 1990, dir. Roger Corman
  • FRANKENSTEIN: THE COLLEGE YEARS, 1991, dir. Tom Shadyac
  • FRANKENSTEIN: THE REAL STORY, 1992, dir. David Wickes
  • MARY SHELLEY'S FRANKENSTEIN, 1994, dir. Kenneth Branagh< /li>

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Selected works:

 

HISTORY OF SIX WEEK'S TOUR, (1817)
FRANKENSTEIN; OR THE MODERN PROMETHEUS, (1818)
VALPERGA, (1823)
THE LAST MAN, (1826)
THE FORTUNES OF PERKIN WARBECK, (1830)
LODORE, (1835)
FALKNER, (1837)
TALES AND SHORT STORIES, (1891)
COLLECTED TALES AND SHORT STORIES, (1976)
THE LETTERS OF MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT SHELLEY, (1983)
JOURNALS OF MARY SHELLEY, (1814)
SELECTED LETTERS OF MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT SHELLEY, (1995)
FRANKENSTEIN, (1931)


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