1. What does elocution mean?
Elocution
is the art of public speaking in which gesture vocal production and delivery
are emphasized. Elocution lessons are lessons to improve pronunciation,
grammar, style and tone in order to improve one’s public speaking.
2. What do polyglossia and monoglossia mean?
Polyglossia: means the
coexistence of multiple languages in the same area. Monoglossia: means
the absence of this division. It is the predominance of one language in an
area.
3. What kind of
English does Puttenham recommend?
He
recommends the usual speech of the court. It is natural, pure and most usual of
a country.
4. What does “copious” mean?
Copious: It means abundant in number
without order at all. Caotic
5. What does “trope”
mean?
Trope: is the use of a word in a different sense than that which is proper to it.
6. Why does Crowley call the standardization process a war?
Because it
was a process of fights until the standard language became regularized. The
linkage of language and war was very common trope in the 18thC.
7. What does “encomium” mean?
Encomium: is an expression of
praise.
8. Who wrote the “Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue” (1712)?
Jonathan Swift.
9. Do Johnson and
Swift agree that the English language has degenerated?
Yes. They agree that the English language has
degenerated, because, in fact, that language is linked with the civil and
religious constitution, and it degenerates like any kind of government.
10. Swift proposes an
academy. Who else?
Daniel Defoe. Also, Addison, Wilson …
11. Why were the
Whigs against an academy?
Because they related it with the academy to
France, and thus with the Stuart claimants to the monarchy and because it had
been instituted by the Cardinal Richelieu, an aristocratic Catholic.
12.
What does Sheridan mean by “the genius of the people”?
He means the metaphysical constitution and
spirit of the British people. Because British people would not summit to any
laws they do not give their own consent.
13. What reason does
Swift give for the “decay of Latin”?
The change of government into tyranny, no more
encouragement for popular orators, freedom of the city and capacity for
employments to several towns which brought foreign pretenders into Rome.
14. What does “suffer” mean?
Suffer: It refers to the fact that writers have changed
language a lot by the invention of new words and expressions.
15. Who was the first
person to make the link between language and nation?
Herder.
16. What was Sheridan’s solution to the problem of divergence in
pronunciation?
Sheridan said that the clergy should be taught pronunciation in order
that they could then act as the medium of propagation.
17. How did several
authors describe other European languages?
Lemon classifies French as flimsy, Italian as neat and Spanish as grave,
Saxon as Belgic and Teutonic tongues as hoarse and rough
18. In which novel
did Defoe capture colonial fantasy?
In Robinson Crusoe.
19. Locke thought
that learning Latin was not necessary for which group of people?
Locke thought that it was not necessary for the bourgeois.
20. How did learning
standard English help to empower people?
The language is directly related to political and
social factors and standard English became prestigious in society.
21. What kind of
English is deemed to be “proper” English?
It seems that the English used in London, Universities and Court was considerated
the “proper” one.
22. How was the inculcation of linguistic patterns carried out with middle-class children?
By means of discipline, punishment and
education
23. What was the
purpose of training women linguistically in the 18th C. according to Crowley?
To fulfill the role of the mother, passing on pure language to her
children; and to act as companion to the men in public spheres.
24. Why did Locke
warn against children talking to servants?
He said that they would pick up inadequate habits as well as tricks and
vices.
25. What was the
difference between the mistakes made by the working classes and those made by
the Gentry according to Sheridan?
The working classes make structural mistakes, whereas the Gentry
generally make occasional mistakes.