1.What does "elocution" mean? What are elocution lessons? Do they exist in Spanish? (page 54)

- A person's manner of speaking or reading aloud in public: The actor's elocution is faultless. 

-The study and practice of oral delivery, including the control of both voice and gesture.

 
2. What do "polyglossia" and "monoglossia" mean? (page 55)

- Polyglosia: The coexistence of multiple languages in the same area.

Monoglossia: The existence of only one language in a area.

 
3. What kind of English does Puttenham recommend? (page 55)

- The usual speech of the court, and that of London, and the shires lying about London.

 
4. What does "copious" mean? Look up pronunciation. (page 56, paragraph 2)

- Large in quantity or number; abundant; plentiful: copious amounts of food. 

- Having or yielding an abundant supply: a copious larder; a copious harvest. 

- Exhibiting abundance or fullness, as of thoughts or words.

 
5. What does "trope" mean? (page 57, para. 2)

- a. Any literary or rhetorical device, as metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony, that consists in the use of words in other than their literal sense.

b. An instance of this. Compare figure of speech. 

 - A phrase, sentence, or verse formerly interpolated in a liturgical text to amplify or embellish.

- (In the philosophy of Santayana) The principle of organization according to which matter moves to form an object during the various stages of its existence.

 
6. Why does Crowley call the standardization process a war? (page 57)

- Because the linkage of language and war was a very common trope in the eighteenth century, and because it was a society at war abroad and at home.

 
7. What does "encomium" mean? (page 58, para. 2)

- A formal expression of high praise; eulogy.

 
8. Who wrote the "Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English

Tongue" (1712)? (page 59)

-Jonathan Swift.

 
9. Do Johnson and Swift agree that the English language has degenerated? (page 60)

- Yes, because everything in the past, is better or improved now.

 
10. Swift proposed an academy. Who else? (page 61)

- Daniel Defoe.

 
11. Why were the Whigs (See Whigs and Tories in Wikipaedia) against an academy? (page 61, bottom of page)

- (Whigs: El término Whig corresponde al antiguo nombre del Partido Liberal británico.

Tories: Tory es el nombre con el que se denomina a quien pertenece o apoya al Partido Conservador inglés.)

Because they think that Tories would not only face their principle upon them, but their language, wherein they endeavour to ape their good friends the French, who for these three or fourscore Years have been attempting to make their Tongue as Imperious as their Power.

 
13. What reason does Swift give for the "decay of Latin" (page 63, bottom)

-

14. What does "suffer" in line 2 of page 66 mean?

-

 15. Who was the first person, involved in German cultural nationalism, to make the link between language and nation? (page 67 para. 2)

- Herder

 
16. What was Sheridan's solution to the problem of divergence in pronunciation? (page 69, bottom)

- Teaching the priests to pronounce English in the standard way because they influence people to go there.

 
17. How did several authors describe other European languages? Do you agree with this kind of classification? (page 71)

- English, French was “flimsy”, Italian was merely “neat”, Spanish “grave”, Saxon, High Dutch “Belgic” and the Teutonic tongues were natively “hoarse” and “rough”.

Yes.

 
18. In which novel did Daniel Defoe capture the "colonial fantasy"? (page 72, top)

- Robinson Crusoe.

 
19. Locke thought that learning Latin was not necessary for which group of people?

(page 77 -also 75)

-Tradesmen

 
20. How did learning to speak English using Standard English empower people? (page 78)

- All who are engaged in the Transactions of commercial life, may be assured that the acquisition will procure them Respect, and be highly conductive to their Advancement in Life.

 
21. What kind of English is deemed to be "proper" English? (page 80, bottom-page 81, top)

- The language properly so called is found in the upper and middle ranks, over the whole British Empire.

 
22. How was the inculcation of linguistic patterns carried out with middle-class children (page 84, bottom, page 85, top)

-

23. What was the purpose of training women linguistically in the 18th century according to Crowley? (page 90, middle)

- To bring up children.

 
24. Why did Locke warn against children talking to servants? (page 93, top)

- For keeping them away of the “contagion” of servants language.

 
25. What was the difference between the mistakes made by the working classes and those made by the gentry according to Sheridan? (page 96, bottom)