Expansion of English
There
was no Wales or Scotland only Britain!
England
invaded by Anglo-Saxons from around the year 447.
Most
of England occupied by AS.
Scotland
Geographically divided into
Southern Uplands
Lowlands
Highlands
In
pre-history inhabited by Picts
Scots,
Celts from Ireland settled on the west coast of GB around 5th century AD.
By
700 Anglo-Saxons conquered most of England and Southern Scotland
Normans
spread power to Scotland in 11th century helped by Scottish kings Malcolm &
David I.
Union
of the crowns of Scotland and England 1603
English
and Scottish Parlaiments unified in 1707 (Act of Union)
“Dress
act” designed to disarm and finish off clan culture (1746) after Jacobite
Rising.
Highland
Clearances 18th, 19th centuries. Gaelic-speaking population evicted from land.
Wales
After
1066 the Normans slowly took over parts of Wales: Pembroke and the Vale of
Glamorgan in Southern Wales -1093.
Edward
1st (1272) In 1277 massive invasion.
By
1290s Wales virtually an English colony.
King
Edward Ist gave his son, (Edward II), the title Prince of Wales in 1301.
King
Henry VIII, joined England and Wales under the Act of Union in 1536
Ireland
Norse
kingdom established in Ireland in 838.
Viking
influence is checked in 1014 but they remain in Dublin and Waterford.
Norman nobles invade Ireland 1169-1170.
Henry II invades. Pope Adrian IV grants him authority over Ireland. Irish and Vikings accept him.
1210-1300 English Government in Ireland.
Celtic
uprising 1315-1318. Edward Bruce, king of Ireland.
Henry
VII, Henry VIII, Elizabeth I strengthen English control of Ireland.
The plantation of Ireland: 1586-1641
Scottish Presbyterian settlers.
United States
The Colonial Period (1607–1776)
Humphrey
Gilbert claimed the island of Newfoundland (1583).
Walter
Raleigh’s failed settlement at Roanoke, Virginia (1584).
Jamestown 1607
Plymouth colony 1620
Maryland colony 1634
Colonization
of the Carolinas began in 1663
The
Dutch settled Manhattan Island 1613 to 1664
Quaker
colony Pennsylvania 1681 under William Penn (also Dutch and Swedes)
American English
Plymouth, Massachussets. Settlers mainly from East of England and Midlands. (non-rhotic)
Virginia
Settlers mainly from West Country of England.
United States English Today
American English
General American (rhotic)
Southern States (non-rhotic), (drawl,
New England (non-rhotic)
New York (non-rhotic) (dental “d” and “t”)
African American Vernacular English
Spanglish
Canada
Peace
of Utrecht (1713) Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay ceded to Britain
by French.
The
rest of New France conquered by Britain and ceded in 1763.
40,000
Loyalists arrived in Nova Scotia and Ontario during and after American War of
Independence 1775–1783.
Dominion
of Canada 1867: control of home affairs
Canadian English
Virtually
indistinguishable from American English due to influence of southern neighbour.
Use of “eh”
Diphthong
for words like about, knife have not been lowered as in RP and General
American.
No
distinction between initial /hw/ and /w/, making which/witch homophones.
Africa
The
first permanent British settlement on the African continent was made at James
Island in the Gambia River in 1661.
Sierra
Leone became British possession in 1787.
Cape
of Good Hope (now part of South Africa) acquired in 1806.
The
British East Africa Protectorate was established in 1896: Kenya, Uganda
Zanzibar, Tanzania (after WWI)
English in Africa
English
is an official language of 16 countries:
in
West Africa Cameroon (with French), Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, and
Sierra Leone;
in
East Africa Sudan (with Arabic), Uganda;
in
Southern Africa Botswana, Lesotho (with Sesotho), Malawi (with
Chichewa), Namibia, South Africa (with Afrikaans and nine indigenous
languages), Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
In
Kenya and Tanzania, Swahili is the official language, English the second
language and medium of higher education.
Standard English occupies a privileged place in the stratification of languages in these regions, but is largely a minority language learned mainly through formal education. (Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language)
Caribbean
Early
incursions by privateers John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake brought three
boatloads of slaves to the Spanish colonies from Guinea in the years 1562–1580.
First
British settlements: St Kitts in 1623 (Thomas Warner); Barbados (John Powell)
in 1627.
Jamaica
taken from Spain in 1655.
English-speaking Caribbean
12
independent countries: Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize (on
the Central American mainland), Dominica, Grenada, Guyana (on the South
American mainland), Jamaica, Saint Kitts/Nevis (known also as Saint
Christopher/Nevis), Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad
and Tobago.
6
dependent territories: Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands,
Anguilla, Turks and Caicos Islands, and Montserrat.
Caribbean English
Standard
English: used by a minority. Now lots of American influence.
Creoles
based on European lexicons and with African substrates.
The
English-based creoles can be viewed as dialects of English or languages in their own right.
Mesolect:
Somewhere between creole and localized English.
India
Clive
defeated the French company and captured Bengal (1757)
Power
transferred from the English East India Company to the British Crown (1858)
India:
Hindi plus 14 other official languages and English.
Pakistan: Urdu (official); Punjabi; Sindhi; Pashtu; English
Australia and New Zeland
Captain
James Cook claimed New South Wales as a British possession in 1770.
British
penal colony of New South Wales founded in 1788.
Tasmania settled in 1803
New Zealand, visited by Cook from 1769. Became colony in 1840.
Australian English
London
English dominant but settlers from all parts of Great Britain.
Most
marked characteristic: Homogeneity but varieties go from Broad Australian,
General Australian, and Cultivated Australian.
New Zealand English indistinguishable from Australian to most outsiders.