Rus.Formal

THE RUSSIAN FORMALISM           School of thinking about the literature that, for the first time, is postuled exclusively as a school. Groups of people which study the literature. In preceding times the study of the literature had been directed by filosophy, rethoric and history. At the beginning of the century there were groups of students of the universities of Moscu and St.Petesburgh decided to form two groups of study about the language of poetry, so they created the Circle of Moscu in 1915 and in 1916, they created Opojaz, a society of study of the poetical language.
        In Moscu, the studies are centred in General lingüistics, Etnologhy and poetical language. In St.Petesburgh the studies are centred in the problems of the poetical language. There were some names very important such as: Belonging to the Circle of Moscu we have Jackobson and Trubetzkoy and belonging to Opojaz we have Slovsky, Eichenbaum and Brick.
        The main features which characterize the origin of the Formalist school: they considered the necesity of doing the literature an study of scientific type, scientifically arguable. This way it was the study of the resources used in the construction of a Literary theory.
Priëm: is a procedure, a resorce in the construction of a literary work. They abandoned the conception of the literature as genious manifest of the author or of the author´s feeling (Romantical conception).
        Literature had been studied from the no literary components (biography, history, filosophy,...), now is an study towards the literary aspects. The objective of the literary science is not the literature but the literarity. Literarity is all that permits that one work becomes literature and not some other things. With V.Slovsky, in "The art as a procedure", where there are the bases of the first Formalism. One literary work is the sum of the procedures used in the construction. The Formalism also studies the verse and the literature and is centred in the verse, rhime and the sound convinations. The procedures have as a function the desautomatization of the perception. They use the language without see the language itself. When we listen one word, ditectly we think in the thing and what it represents, not in the word. The poetical language broke that relation between language and the things because this language creates a "Ostranenje" and it makes you fix your attention in the beauty of the language. The perception is longer and more difficult and makes one form in order to observe the language in a different way. "Desautomatitzation": break of the habits in relation with the ordinal language and also with the poetical tradition known till that moment. A resource is desautomatitzation when is created, but as the time goes by, this reource is automatitzation. With this origin Jakobson created his theory about the poetical function or the esthetic function of the language. Jakobson is the father of the poetical function theory. The theory of the function of K. Bühler uses the communication function, and also adds the poetical function. The study of the forms does not consider the meaning of the poems, it was despised by the new tendency. It is not that they study the contraposition between form and content but they substitute by other oposition that is material and procedure. Material is all which is pre-literary. The procedure and material are joined. There is a distinction between the free procedures and the motived procedures by the materials. Motived procedures: when are joined to the treatment of the whatever material. Free procedures: Are the ones that are strongly desautomatitzation, because are not motived by the material. The feature which defined the Russian Formalism in its formation is the imantism as a methology of study of the literature. It basically studies the construction of the literary work, not the circumstances of the author, the society which involves so it suposes a anti-sociologist position and anti-historical position. They studied the work itself. They studied the mecanism, which mechanical elements it contains. The imanentism goes against the excess and the historical position and is a reaction against the sociologism which was very famous in Rusia until the Marxism. Dobrolinvov, Pisarev, Chemichovsky, they are all representative members of the naturalism. The art can be a form in order to copy the nature. Formalism disagrees with this conception. From the twenties it starts the study of the history of the literature, because in order to treat the work we have to know the tradition. The Russian Formalism goes from 1915 to 1930. We can also divide this period in three stages: 1915-1920: years of confronting and polemics against the preceding theories. 1920-1925: difficult of development, there is a strong discusion between formalists and marxist critics. 1925-1930: There is a crisis and the Formalism is abandoned. The crisis is not derived by the production intelectual but the external causes of the movment. Rodreiguez Pequeño divides the stages in different forms: 1915-1920,first stage. 1920-1928, second stage. 1928-1930, third stage.