SUMMARY : The Houyhnhnm notion of Truth and Falsehood. The Author's Discourse disapproved by his Master. The Author gives a more particular Account of himself, and the Accidents of his Voyage.

      MY MASTER heard me with great Appearances of Uneasiness in his Countenance, because Doubting, or not
believing, are so little known in this Country, that the Inhabitants cannot tell how to behave themselves under such
Circumstances. And I remember in frequent Discourses with my Master concerning the Nature of Manhood, in other Parts of
the World, having occasion to talk of Lying, and false Representation, it was with much Difficulty that he comprehended what
I meant, although he had otherwise a most acute Judgment. For he argued thus: That the Use of Speech was to make us
understand one another, and to receive Information of Facts; now if anyone said the Thing which was not, these Ends were
Defeated; because I cannot properly be said to understand him; and I am so far from receiving Information, that he leaves me
worse than in Ignorance, for I am led to believe a Thing Black when it is White, and Short when it is Long. And these were all
the Notions he had concerning that Faculty of Lying, so perfectly well understood among human Creatures.

To return from this Digression; when I asserted that the Yahoos were the only governing Animals in my Country, which my
Master said was altogether past his Conception, he desired to know whether we had Houyhnhnms among us, and what was
their Employment: I told him we had great Numbers, that in Summer they grazed in the Fields, and in Winter were kept in
Houses, with Hay and Oats, when Yahoo-Servants were employed to rub their Skins smooth, comb their Manes, pick their
Feet, serve them with Food, and make their Beds. I understand you well, said my Master, it is now very plain, from all you
have spoken, that whatever share of Reason the Yahoos pretend to, the Houyhnhnms are your Masters; I heartily wish our
Yahoos would be so tractable. I begged his Honour would please to excuse me from proceeding any farther, because I was
very certain that the Account he expected from me would be highly displeasing. But he insisted in commanding me to let him
know the best and the worst: I told him, he should be obeyed. I owned, that the Houyhnhnmsamong us, whom we called
Horses, were the most generous and comely Animal we had, that they excelled in Strength and Swiftness; and when they
belonged to Persons of Quality, employed in Travelling, Racing, or drawing Chariots, they were treated with much Kindness
and Care, till they fell into Diseases or became foundred in the Feet; and then they were sold, and used to all kind of Drudgery
till they died; after which their Skins were stripped and sold for what they were worth, and their Bodies left to be devoured by
Dogs and Birds of Prey. But the common Race of Horses had not so good Fortune, being kept by Farmers and Carriers and
other mean People, who put them to greater Labor, and feed them worse. I described as well as I could, our way of Riding,
the Shape and Use of a Bridle, a Saddle, a Spur, and a Whip, of Harness and Wheels. I added, that we fastned Plates of a
certain hard Substance called Iron at the Bottom of their Feet, to preserve their Hoofs from being broken by the Stony Ways
on which we often travelled.

My Master, after some Expressions of great Indignation, wondered how we dared to venture upon a Houyhnhnm's Back, for
he was sure, that the weakest Servant in his House would be able to shake off the strongest Yahoo, or by lying down, and
rolling on his Back, squeeze the Brute to Death. I answered, That our Horses were trained up from three or four Years old to
the several uses we intended them for; That if any of them proved intolerably vicious, they were employed for Carriages; that
they were severely beaten while they were young, for any mischievous Tricks: That the Males, designed for common Use of
Riding or Draught, were generally castrated about two Years after their Birth, to take down their Spirits, and make them more
tame and gentle; that they were indeed sensible of Rewards and Punishments; but his Honour would please to consider, that
they had not the least Tincture of Reason any more than the Yahoos in this Country.

It put me to the pains of many Circumlocutions to give my Master a right Idea of what I spoke; for their Language doth not
abound in variety of Words, because their Wants and Passions are fewer than among us. But it is impossible to repeat his noble
Resentment at our savage Treatment of the Houyhnhnm Race, particularly after I had explained the Manner and use of
castrating Horses among us, to hinder them from propagating their Kind, and to render them more servile. He said, if it were
possible there could be any Country where Yahoos alone were endued with Reason, they certainly must be the governing
Animal, because Reason will in time always prevail against Brutal Strength. But, considering the Frame of our Bodies, and
especially of mine, he thought no Creature of equal Bulk was so ill contrived, for employing that Reason in the common Office
of Life; whereupon he desired to know whether those among whom I lived, resembled me or the Yahoos of his Country. I
assured him, that I was as well shaped as most of my Age; but the younger and the Females were much more soft and tender,
and the Skins of the latter generally as White as Milk. He said, I differed indeed from other Yahoos, being much more cleanly,
and not altogether so deformed, but in point of real Advantage, he thought I differed for the worse. That my Nails were of no
Use either to my Fore or Hinder-Feet: As to my Fore-Feet he could not properly call them by that Name, for he never
observed me to walk upon them; that they were too soft to bear the Ground; that I generally went with them uncovered, neither
was the Covering I sometimes wore on them, of the same Shape, or so strong as that on my Feet behind. That I could not walk
with any Security, for if either of my Hinder-Feet slipped, I must inevitably fall. He then began to find Fault with other Parts of
my Body, the Flatness of my Face, the Prominence of my Nose, my Eyes placed directly in the Front, so that I could not look
on either Side without turning my Head: That I was not able to feed myself, without lifting one of my Fore-Feet to my Mouth:
And therefore Nature had placed those Joints to Answer that Necessity. He knew not what could be the Use of those several
Clefts and Divisions in my Feet behind, that these were too soft to bear the Hardness and Sharpness of Stones without a
Covering made from the Skin of some other Brute; that my whole Body wanted a Fence against Heat Cold, which I was
forced to put on and off every Day with Tediousness and Trouble. And lastly, that he observed every Animal in this Country
naturally to abhor the Yahoos, whom the Weaker avoided, and the Stronger drove from them. So that supposing us to have the
Gift of Reason, he could not see how it were possible to cure that natural Antipathy which every Creature discovered against
us; nor consequently, how we could tame and render them serviceable. However, he would (as he said) debate the Matter no
farther, because he was more desirous to know my own Story, the Country where I was born, and the several Actions and
Events of my Life before I came hither.

I assured him how extremely desirous I was that he should be satisfied in every Point; but I doubted much, whether it would be
possible for me to explain myself on several Subjects whereof his Honour could have no Conception, because I saw nothing in
his Country to which I could resemble them. That however, I would do my best, and strive to express myself by Similitudes,
humbly desiring his Assistance when I wanted proper Words; which he was pleased to promise me.

I said, my Birth was of honest Parents in an Island called England, which was remote from this Country, as many Days'
Journey as the strongest of his Honour's Servants could travel in the Annual Course of the Sun. That I was bred a Surgeon,
whose trade it is to cure Wounds and Hurts in the Body, got by Accident or Violence; that my Country was governed by a
Female Man, whom we called a Queen. That I left it to get Riches, whereby I might maintain myself and Family when I should
return. That in my last Voyage I was Commander of the Ship, and had about fifty Yahoos under me, many of which died at
Sea, and I was forced to supply them by others picked out from several Nations. That our Ship was twice in Danger of being
sunk; the first time by a great Storm, and the second, by striking against a Rock. Here my Master interposed, by asking me,
how I could persuade Strangers out of different Countries to venture with me, after the Losses I had sustained, and the Hazards
I had run. I said, they were Fellows of desperate Fortunes forced to fly from the Places of their Birth, on account of their
Poverty or their Crimes. Some were undone by lawsuits; others spent all they had in Drinking, Whoring, and Gaming; others
fled for Treason; many for Murder, Theft, Poysoning, Robbery, Perjury, Forgery, Coining false Money, for committing Rapes
or Sodomy, for flying from their Colours, or deserting to the Enemy, and most of them had broken Prison; none of these durst
return to their Native Countries for Fear of being hanged, or of starving in a Jail; and therefore were under a Necessity of
seeking a Livelihood in other Places.

During this Discourse, my Master was pleased to interrupt me several Times; I had made use of many Circumlocutions in
describing to him the Nature of the several Crimes, for which most of our Crew had been forced to fly their Country. This
Labour took up several Days Conversation before he was able to comprehend me. He was wholly at a Loss to know what
could be the Use or Necessity of practicing those Vices. To clear up which I endeavoured to give some Ideas of the Desire of
Power and Riches, of the terrible Effects of Lust, Intemperance, Malice and Envy. All this I was forced to define and describe
by putting of Cases, and making of Suppositions. After which, like one whose Imagination was struck with something never
seen or heard of before, he would lift up his Eyes with Amazement and Indignation. Power, Government, War, Law,
Punishment, and a Thousand other Things had no Terms wherein that Language could express them, which made the Difficulty
almost insuperable to give my Master any Conception of what I meant. But being of an excellent Understanding, much
improved by Contemplation and Converse, he at last arrived at a competent Knowledge of what Human Nature in our Parts of
the World is capable to perform, and desired I would give him some particular Account of that Land, which we call Europe,
but especially of my own Country.