SUMMARY : The Author at his Master's Commands informs him of the State of England. The Causes of War among the Princes of Europe. The Author begins to explain the English Constitiution.

     THE READER may please to observe, that the following Extract of many Conversations I had with my Master, contains a
Summary of the most material Points, which were discoursed at several times for above two Years; his Honour often desiring
fuller Satisfaction as I farther improved in the Houyhnhnm Tongue. I laid before him, as well as I could, the whole State of
Europe; I Discoursed of Trade and Manufactures, of Arts and Sciences; and the Answers I gave to all the Questions he made,
as they arose upon several Subjects, were a Fund of Conversation not to be exhausted. But I shall here only set down the
Substance of what passed between us concerning my own Country, reducing it into Order as well as I can, without any Regard
to Time or other Circumstances, while I strictly adhere to Truth. My only Concern is, that I shall hardly be able to do Justice to
my Master's Arguments and Expressions, which must needs suffer by my want of Capacity, as well as by a Translation into our
barbarous English.

In Obedience therefore to his Honour's Commands, I related to him the Revolution under the Prince of Orange; the long War
with France entered into by the said Prince, and renewed by his Successor the present Queen; wherein the greatest Powers of
Christendom were engaged, and which still continued: I computed at his Request, that about a Million of Yahoos might have
been killed in the whole Progress of it, and perhaps a Hundred or more Cities taken, and thrice as many Ships burnt or sunk.

He asked me what were the usual Causes or Motives that made one Country go to War with another. I answered they were
innumerable, but I should only mention a few of the chief. Sometimes the Ambition of Princes, who never think they have Land
or People enough to govern: Sometimes the Corruption of Ministers, who engage their Master in a War in order to stifle or
divert the Clamour of the Subjects against their Evil Administration. Difference in Opinions hath cost many Millions of Lives:
For instance, whether Flesh be Bread, or Bread be Flesh; whether the Juice of a certain Berry be Blood or Wine; whether
Whistling be Vice or a Virtue; whether it be better to kiss a post, or throw it into the Fire; what is the best Colour for a Coat,
whether Black, White, Red, or Gray; and whether it should be long or short, narrow or wide, dirty or clean; with many
more. Neither are any Wars so furious and Bloody, or of so long Continuance, as those occasioned by Difference in Opinion,
especially if it be in Things indifferent.

Sometimes the Quarrel between two Princes is to which of them shall dispossess a third of his Dominions, where neither of
them pretend to any Right. Sometimes one Prince quarreleth with another, for Fear the other should quarrel with him.
Sometimes a War is entered upon, because the Enemy is too strong, and sometimes because he is too weak. Sometimes our
Neighbours want the Things which we have, or have the Things which we want; and we both fight, till they take ours or give
us theirs. It is a very justifiable Cause of War to invade a Country after the People have been wasted by Famine, destroyed by
Pestilence, or embroiled by Factions among themselves. It is justifiable to enter into War against our nearest Ally, when one of
his Towns lies convenient for us, or a Territory of Land, that would render our Dominions round and compleat. If a Prince
sends Forces into a Nation where the People are poor and ignorant, he may lawfully put half of them to Death, and make
Slaves of the rest, in order to civilize and reduce them from their barbarous Way of Living. It is a very kingly, honourable, and
frequent Practice, when one Prince desires the Assistance of another to secure him against an Invasion, that the Assistant, when
he hath driven out the Invader, should seize on the Dominions himself, and kill, imprison or banish the Prince he came to relieve.
Alliance by Blood or Marriage, is a frequent Cause of War between Princes; and the nearer the Kindred is, the greater is their
Disposition to quarrel: Poor Nations are hungry, and rich Nations are proud; and Pride and Hunger will ever be at variance.
For those Reasons, the Trade of a Soldier is held the most honourable of all others: Because a Soldier is a Yahoo hired to kill
in cold Blood as many of his own Species, who have never offended him, as possibly he can.

There is likewise a Kind of beggarly Princes* in Europe, not able to make War by themselves, who hire out their Troops to
richer Nations, for so much a Day to each Man; of which they keep three fourths to themselves, and it is the best Part of their
Maintenance; such are those in Germany* and other Northern Parts of Europe.

What you have told me, (said my Master) upon the Subject of War, does indeed discover most admirably the Effects of that
Reason you pretend to: However, it is happy that the Shame is greater than the Danger; and that Nature has left you utterly
uncapable of doing much Mischief.

For your Mouths lying flat with your Faces, you can hardly bite each other to any Purpose, unless by Consent. Then as to the
Claws upon your Feet before and behind, they are so short and tender that one of our Yahoos would drive a Dozen of yours
before him. And therefore in recounting the Numbers of those who have been killed in Battle, I cannot but think that you have
said the Thing which is not.

I could not forbear shaking my Head and smiling a little at his Ignorance. And being no Stranger to the Art of War, I gave him a
Description of Cannons, culverins, Muskets, Carabines, Pistols, Bullets, Powder, Swords, Bayonets, Battles, Sieges, Retreats,
Attacks, Undermines, Countermines, Bombardments, Sea-fights; Ships sunk with a Thousand Men, Twenty thousand killed on
each Side; dying Groans, Limbs flying in the Air, Smoak, Noise, Confusion, trampling to Death under Horses Feet; Flight,
Pursuit, Victory; Fields strewed with Carcases left for Food to Dogs, and Wolves, and Birds of Prey; Plundering, Stripping,
Ravishing, Burning, and Destroying. And to set forth the Valour of my own dear Countrymen, I assured him, that I had seen
them blow up a Hundred Enemies at once in a Siege, and as many in a Ship, and beheld the dead Bodies come down in pieces
from the Clouds, to the great Diversion of the Spectators.

I was going on to more Particulars, when my Master commanded me Silence. He said, Whoever understood the Nature of
Yahoos might easily believe it possible for so vile an Animal to be capable of every Action I had named, if their Strength and
Cunning equalled their Malice. But as my Discourse had increased his Abhorrence of the whole Species, so he found it gave
him a Disturbance in his Mind, to which he was wholly a Stranger before. He thought his Ears being used to such abominable
Words, might by Degrees admit them with less Detestation. That although he hated the Yahoos of this Country, yet he no more
blamed them for their odious Qualities, than he did a Gnnayh (a Bird of Prey) for its Cruelty, or a sharp Stone for cutting his
Hoof. But when a Creature pretending to Reason, could be capable of such Enormities, he dreaded lest the Corruption of that
Faculty might be worse than Brutality itself. He seemed therefore confident, that instead of Reason, we were only possessed of
some Quality fitted to increase our natural Vices; as the Reflection from a troubled Stream returns the Image of an ill-shapen
Body, not only larger, but more distorted.

He added, That he had heard too much upon the Subject of War, both in this, and some former Discourses. There was another
Point which a little perplexed him at Present. I had informed him, that some of our Crew left their Country on account of being
ruined by Law; that I had already explained the Meaning of the Word; but he was at a Loss how it should come to pass, that
the Law which was intended for every Man's Preservation, should be any Man's Ruin. Therefore he desired to be further
satisfied what I meant by Law, and what sort of Dispensers thereof it could be by whose Practices the Property of any Person
could be lost, instead of being preserved. He added, he saw not what great Occasion there could for this thing called Law,
since all the Intentions and Purposes of it may be fully answered by following the Dictates of Nature and Reason, which are
sufficient Guides for a Reasonable Animal, as we pretended to be, in shewing us what we ought to do, and what to avoid.

I assured his Honour, that Law was a Science wherein I had not much conversed, further than by employing Advocates, in
vain, upon some Injustices that had been done me: however, I would give him all the Satisfaction I was able.

I said there was a Society of Men among us, bred up from their Youth in the Art of proving by Words multiplied for the
Pleasure, that White is Black, and Black is White, according as they are paid. To this Society all the rest of the People are
Slaves.

For Example, if my Neighbour hath a Mind to my Cow, he hires a Lawyer to prove that he ought to have my Cow from me. I
must then hire another to defend my Right, it being against all Rules of Law that any Man should be allowed to speak for
himself. Now in this Case, I who am the right Owner lie under two great Disadvantages. First, my Lawyer being practiced
almost from his Cradle in defending Falshood; is quite out of his Element when he would be an Advocate for Justice, which as
an Office unnatural, he always attempts with great Awkwardness if not with Ill-will. The second Disadvantage is, that my
Lawyer must proceed with great Caution: Or else he will be reprimanded by the Judges, and abhorred by his Brethren, as one
that would lessen the Practice of the Law. And therefore I have but two Methods to preserve my Cow. The first is, to gain
over my Adversary's Lawyer with a double Fee; who will then betray his Client by insinuating that he hath Justice on his Side.
The second way is for my Lawyer to make my Cause appear as unjust as he can; by the Cow to belong to my Adversary; and
this, if it be skilfully done, will certainly bespeak the Favour of the Bench.

Now, your Honour is to know that these Judges are Persons appointed to decide all Controversies of Property, as well as for
the Tryal of Criminals; and picked out from the most dextrous Lawyers who are grown old or lazy: And having been byassed
all their Lives against Truth and Equity, are under such a fatal Necessity of favouring Fraud, Perjury, and Oppression; that I
have known some of them refuse a large Bribe from the Side where Justice lay, rather than injure the Faculty, by doing any
thing unbecoming their Nature or their Office.

It is a Maxim among these Lawyers, that whatever hath been done before, may legally be done again: And therefore they take
special Care to record all the Decisions formerly made against common Justice and the general Reason of Mankind. These,
under the Name of Precedents, they produce as Authorities to justify the most iniquitous Opinions; and the Judges never fail of
decreeing accordingly.

In pleading, they studiously avoid entering into the Merits of the Cause; but are loud, violent, and tedious in dwelling upon all
Circumstances which are not to the Purpose. For Instance, in the Case already mentioned: They never desire to know what
Claim or Title my Adversary hath to my Cow; but whether the said Cow were Red or Black; her Horns long or short; whether
the Field I graze her in be round or square; whether she was milked at home or abroad; what Diseases she is subject to, and
the like. After which they consult Precedents, adjourn the Cause from Time to Time, and in Ten, Twenty, or Thirty Years,
come to an Issue.

It is likewise to be observed, that this Society has a peculiar Cant and Jargon of their own, that no other Mortal can
understand, and wherein all their Laws are written, which they take special Care to multiply; whereby they have gone near to
confound the very Essence of Truth and Falsehood, of Right and Wrong; so that it may take Thirty Years to decide whether the
Field, left me by my Ancestors for Six Generations, belongs to me, or to a Stranger three hundred Miles off.

In the Tryal of Persons accused for Crimes against the State the Method is much more short and commendable: The Judge first
sends to sound the Disposition of those in Power; after which he can easily hang or save the Criminal, strictly preserving all due
Forms of Law.

Here my Master interposing, said it was a Pity that Creatures endowed with such prodigious Abilities of Mind as these
Lawyers, by the Description I gave of them, must certainly be, were not rather encouraged to be Instructors of others in
Wisdom and Knowledge. In Answer to which, I assured his Honour, that in all Points out of their own Trade, they were usually
the most Ignorant and stupid Generation among us, the most despicable in common Conversation, avowed Enemies to all
Knowledge and Learning; and equally to pervert the general Reason of Mankind in every other Subject of Discourse, as in that
of their own Profession.