SUMMARY : A grand Debate at the General Assembly of the Houyhnhnms, and how it was determined. The Learning of the Houyhnhnms. Their Buildings. Their manner of Burials. The defectiveness of their Language.

 ONE OF THESE Grand Assemblies was held in my time, about three Months before my Departure, whither my Master
went as the Representative of our District. In this Council was resumed their old Debate, and indeed, the only Debate which
ever happened in that Country; whereof my Master after his Return gave me a very particular Account.

 The Question to be debated was whether the Yahoos should be exterminated from the Face of the Earth? One of the
Members for the Affirmative offered several Arguments of great Strength, and Weight, alledging That as the Yahoos were the
most filthy, noisome, and deformed Animal which Nature ever produced, so they were the most restive and indocile,
mischievous and malicious: They would privately suck the Teats of the Houyhnhnms Cows, kill and devour their Cats, trample
down their Oats and Grass, if they were not continually watched, and commit a thousand other Extravagancies. He took notice
of a general Tradition, That Yahoos had not been always in that Country: But, that many Ages ago, two of these Brutes
appeared together upon a Mountain, whether produced by the Heat of the Sun upon corrupted Mud and Slime, or from the
Ooze or Froth of the Sea, was never known. That these Yahoos engendered, and their Brood in a short time grew so
numerous as to over run and infest the whole Nation. That theHouyhnhnms to get rid of this Evil, made a general Hunting, and
at last enclosed the whole Herd; and destroying the old Ones, every Houyhnhnm kept two young Ones in a Kennel, and
brought them to such a degree of Tameness, as an Animal so savage by Nature can be capable of acquiring; using them for
Draught and Carriage. That there seemed to be much Truth in this Tradition, and that those Creatures could not be
Ylnhniamshy (or Aborigines of the Land), because of the violent Hatred the Houyhnhnms, as well as all other Animals, bore
them; which although their evil Disposition sufficiently deserved, could never have arrived at so high a Degree, if they had been
Aborigines, or else they would have long since been rooted out. That the Inhabitants taking a Fancy to use the Service of the
Yahoos, had very imprudently neglected to cultivate the Breed of Asses, which were a comely Animal, easily kept, more tame
and orderly, without any offensive Smell, strong enough for Labour, although they yield to the other in Agility of Body; and if
their Braying be no agreeable Sound, it is far preferable to the horrible Howlings of the Yahoos.

 Several others declared their Sentiments to the same Purpose, when my Master proposed an Expedient to the Assembly,
whereof he had indeed borrowed the Hint from me. He approved of the Tradition, mentioned by the Honourable Member,
who spoke before, and affirmed, that the Two Yahoos said to be first seen among them had been driven thither over the Sea;
that coming to Land, and being forsaken by their Companions, they retired to the Mountains, and degenerating by Degrees,
became in process of time, much more savage than those of their own Species in the Country from where these two Originals
came. The Reason of his assertion was that he had now in his Possession a certain wonderful Yahoo, (meaning myself) which
most of them had heard of, and many of them had seen. He then related to them, how he first found me; that my Body was all
covered with an artificial Composure of the Skins and Hairs of other Animals: That I had a Language of my own, and had
thoroughly learned theirs: That I had related to him the Accidents which brought me thither: That when he saw me without my
Covering, I was an exact Yahoo in every Part, only of a whiter Colour, less hairy, and with shorter Claws. He added, how I
had endeavoured to persuade him, that in my own and other Countries, the Yahoos acted as the governing, Rational Animal,
and held theHouyhnhnms in Servitude: That he observed in me all the Qualities of a Yahoo, only a little more civilized by some
Tincture of Reason, which however was in a degree as far inferior to the Houyhnhnm Race, as the Yahoos of their Country
were to me: That among other things, I mentioned a Custom we had of Castrating Houyhnhnms when they were young, in
order to render them tame: That the Operation was easy and safe; that it was no Shame to learn Wisdom from Brutes, as
Industry is taught by the Ant, and Building by the Swallow. (For so I translate the Word Lyhannh, although it be a much larger
Fowl.) That this Invention might be practiced upon the younger Yahoos here, which, besides rendering them tractable and fitter
for Use, would in an Age put an End to the whole Species without destroying Life. That, in the mean time the Houyhnhnms
should be exhorted to cultivate the Breed of Asses, which as they are in all respects more valuable Brutes, so they have this
Advantage, to be fit for Service at Five Years old, which the others are not till twelve.

 This was all my Master thought fit to tell me at that time, of what passed in the Grand Council. But he was pleased to conceal
one Particular, which related Personally to myself, whereof I soon felt the unhappy Effect, as the Reader will know in its proper
Place, and from which I date all the succeeding Misfortunes of my Life.

 The Houyhnhnms have no Letters, and consequently their Knowledge is all Traditional. But there happening few Events of
any Moment among a People so well united, naturally disposed to every Virtue, wholly governed by Reason, and cut off from
all Commerce with other Nations, the Historical Part is easily preserved without burthening their Memory. I have already
observed, that they are subject to no Diseases, and therefore can have no need of Physicians. However, they have excellent
Medicines composed of Herbs, to cure accidental Bruises and Cuts in the Pastern or Frog of the Foot by sharp Stones, as well
as other Maims and Hurts in the several Parts of the Body.

 They calculate the Year by the Revolution of the Sun and the Moon, but use no subdivisions into Weeks. They are well enough
acquainted with the Motions of those two luminaries, and understand the Nature of Eclipses; and this is the utmost Progress of
their Astronomy.

 In Poetry they must be allowed to excel all other Mortals; wherein the Justness of their Similes, and the Minuteness, as well as
Exactness of their Descriptions, are indeed inimitable. Their Verses abound very much in both of these, and usually contain
either some exalted Notions of Friendship and Benevolence, or the Praises of those who were Victors in Races, and other
bodily Exercises. Their Buildings, although very rude and simple, are not inconvenient, but well contrived to defend them from
all Injuries of Cold and Heat. They have a kind of Tree which at Forty Years old loosens in the Root, and falls with the first
Storm; they grow very strait, and being pointed like stakes with a sharp Stone, (for theHouyhnhnms know not the use of Iron)
they stick them erect in the Ground about ten Inches asunder, and then weave in Oat-straw, or sometimes Wattles betwixt
them. The Roof is made after the same Manner, and so are the Doors.

 The Houyhnhnms use the hollow Part between the Pastern and the Hoof of their Fore-feet, as we do our Hands, and this with
greater Dexterity, than I could at first imagine. I have seen a White Mare of our Family thread a Needle (which I lent her on
purpose) with that Joynt. They milk their Cows, reap their Oats, and do all the Work which requires Hands, in the same
manner. They have a kind of hard Flints, which by grinding against other Stones, they form into Instruments, that serve instead
of Wedges, Axes, and Hammers. With Tools made of these Flints, they likewise cut their Hay, and reap their Oats, which there
groweth naturally in several Fields: The Yahoos draw home the Sheaves in Carriages, and the Servants tread them in several
covered Huts, to get out the Grain, which is kept in Stores. They make a rude kind of earthen and wooden Vessels, and bake
the former in the Sun.

 If they can avoid Casualties, they die only of Old-Age, and are buried in the obscurest Places that can be found, their Friends
and Relations expressing neither Joy nor Grief at their Departure; nor does the dying Person discover the least Regret that he is
leaving the World, any more than if he were upon returning home from a Visit to one of his Neighbours. I remember my Master
having once made an appointment with a Friend and his Family to come to his House upon some Affair of Importance, on the
Day fixed, the Mistress and her two Children came very late; she made two Excuses, first for her Husband, who, as she said,
happened that very Morning to Lhnuwnh. The Word is strongly expressive in their Language, but not easily rendered into
English; it signifies, to retire to his first Mother. Her Excuse for not coming sooner, was, that her Husband dying late in the
Morning, she was a good while consulting her Servants about a convenient Place where his Body should be laid; and I
observed she behaved herself at our House, as chearfully as the rest, and died about three Months after.

 They live generally to Seventy or Seventy-five Years, very seldom to Fourscore: Some Weeks before their Death they feel a
gradual Decay, but without Pain. During this time they are much visited by their Friends, because they cannot go abroad, with
their usual Ease and Satisfaction. However, about ten Days before their Death, which they seldom fail in computing, they return
the Visits that have been made them by those who are nearest in the Neighbourhood, being carried in a convenient Sledge
drawn by Yahoos, which Vehicle they use, not only upon this Occasion, but when they grow old upon long Journeys, or when
they are lamed by any Accident. And therefore when the dying Houyhnhnms return those Visits, they take a solemn Leave of
their Friends, as if they were going to some remote Part of the Country, where they designed to pass the rest of their Lives.

 I know not whether it may be worth observing, that the Houyhnhnms have no Word in their Language to express any thing
that is Evil, except what they borrow from the Deformities or ill Qualities of the Yahoos. Thus they denote the Folly of a
Servant, an Omission of a Child, a Stone that cut their Feet, a continuance of foul or unseasonable Weather, and the like, by
adding to each the Epithet of Yahoo. For Instance, Hhnm Yahoo, Whnaholm Yahoo, Ynlhmndwihlma Yahoo, and an
ill-contrived House, Ynholmhnmrohlnw Yahoo.

 I could with great Pleasure enlarge further upon the Manners and Virtues of this excellent People; but intending in a short time
to publish a Volume by itself expressly upon that Subject, I refer the Reader thither. And in the mean time, proceed to relate my
own sad Catastrophe.