1. What does "elocution" mean? What are elocution lessons? Do they exist in Spanish?

(page 54)

- By the term elocution we refer to a style of speaking, especially in public 

* http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/elocution

 

 

- is the study of formal speaking in pronunciation, grammar, style, and tone.

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elocution

 

 

 

2. What do "polyglossia" and "monoglossia" mean? (page 55)

- polyglossia - The coexistence of multiple languages in the same area

* http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polyglossia

- monoglossia - absolute dominance of one language

                                                                                                       * http://kogni.narod.ru/bakhtin.htm

 

 

3. What kind of English does Puttenham recommend? (page 55)

Puttenham recommend “ the natural, pure and most usual language of the country” within London and “shires lying about London”

 

4. What does "copious" mean? Look up pronunciation. (page 56, paragraph 2)

            Copious = abounding in information; full of matter

* http://www.oed.com/

 

5. What does "trope" mean? (page 57, para. 2)

Trope= a word or expression used in a figurative sense

* http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trope

 

6. Why does Crowley call the standardization process a war? (page 57)

            The linkage of language and war was very common trope in the 18th century.

7. What does "encomium" mean (page 58, para. 2)

            A formal or high-flown expression of praise; a eulogy, panegyric.

* http://www.oed.com/ 

 

8. Who wrote the "Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English

Tongue" (1712)? (page 59)

- Jonathan Swift

 

9. Do Johnson and Swift agree that the English language has degenerated? (page 60)

YES ( “ Our language is extremely imperfect “)

 

10. Swift proposed an academy. Who else? (page 61)

Daniel Defoe, Dryden ,Wilson, Addison

 

11. Why were the Whigs (See Whigs and Tories in Wikipedia) against an academy?

(page 61, bottom of page)

            The Whigs are often described as one of the two original political parties (the other being the Tories) in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to the mid-19th centuries.

They were against Academy because it was identify with France , and thus with Stuart claimants to the monarchy and it has been instituted by Cardinal Richelieu, an aristocratic Catholic.

 

12. What does Sheridan mean by "the genius of our people"? (page 62, para. 4)

            I think he refers to people mind.(free-thinking, independent) They wouldn’t accept Academy.

 

13. What reason does Swift give for the "decay of Latin" (page 63, bottom)

            Totalitarism

14. What does "suffer" in line 2 of page 66 mean?

 

15. Who was the first person, involved in German cultural nationalism, to make the link between language and nation? (page 67 para. 2)

- Herder

 

16. What was Sheridan's solution to the problem of divergence in pronunciation? (page 69, bottom)

            He proposed that the clergy should be taught pronunciation in order that they could then act as the medium by which it could be propagated.

 

17. How did several authors describe other European languages? Do you agree with this kind of classification? (page 71)

            French – flimsy                   Italian –neat                        Spanish - grave

18. In which novel did Daniel Defoe capture the "colonial fantasy"? (page 72, top)

            - Robinson Crusoe

 

19. Locke thought that learning Latin was not necessary for which group of people?

(page 77 -also 75)

            He says that mercantile class doesn’t need to learn Latin.

 

20. How did learning to speak English using standard English empower people? (page 78)

            Language was used to empower economic, social and political life of people.

21. What kind of English is deemed to be "proper" English? (page 80, bottom-page 81,top)

            Upper and middle ranks

 

22. How was the inculcation of linguistic patterns carried out with middle-class children (page 84, bottom, page 85, top)

            The inculcation of the habitus was conducted by a process which we might call that of discipline, punishment and education. Children were learn how to spell and all the process of teaching gave them orthographic and semantic skills required for their social position.

 

23. What was the purpose of training women linguistically in the 18th century according to Crowley? (page 90, middle)

            They were linguistically educated for two purposes: to fulfil the role of the mother, passing on pure language to the child and to act as companion to the male in public sphere.

 

24. Why did Locke warn against children talking to servants? (page 93, top)

            He warns against intercourse between children and servants because children can pick up bad habits, such as bad pronunciation, different words....

 

25. What was the difference between the mistakes made by the working classes and

those made by the gentry according to Sheridan? (page 96, bottom)

            Working class people have structural mistakes à swopping v for w and w for v; changing o in final position to er ;

Gentlemen have non-structural or occasional mistakes, like bad pronunciation of one word.....