1. ELOCUTION: It is the art of careful public speaking, using clear pronunciation and good breathing to control the voice. This study and its lessons started in Ancient Greece. In that time those citizens who wanted to become politicians had to study the rules of proper speaking and the means of being trustworthy. After that , this would be used by Sofists and orators in Imperial Rome).

(Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary).

 

  1. POLYGLOSSIA: “The coexistence of two or more languages, or distinct varieties of the same language, within a speech community”.

MONOGLOSSIA: “The existence of a unique language within a speech community”.

 

  1. Puttenham recommends the use of the English spoken at the Court, and in London and its surrounding areas, which is the ‘natural, pure and most usual of all his country.’

 

  1. COPIOUS: /kƏƱpɪƏs/ In large amounts; more than enough.

 

 

  1. TROPE: “A word or language used in figurative or non-literal sense.

 

  1. He gives two reasons for his calling it a war:

-          Firstly, because every linkage between language and war was a very common trope in the 18th century.

-          Secondly, because in such contexts, texts are not fully understood or set against. He summarises it by saying that it is a society at war abroad and at home.

 

  1. ENCOMIUM: A formal or high-flown expression of praise; a eulogy, panegyric.

 

  1. It was written by Jonathan Swift.

 

 

  1. Yes. On the one hand, Johnson establishes that “Tongues, like governments, have a natural tendency to degeneration; we have long preserved our constitution, let us make some struggles for our language”. Swift, on the other hand, said in his pamphlet for political importance that there is a link between language, the civil and the religious constitution.

 

  1. Daniel Defoe, Dryden, Addison and Wilson.

 

 

  1. WHIGS: Original political party from 17th – mid 19th cent. They were against absolute rule; they were classical liberalists in favour of constitutional monarchism. During  18th century, they drew support from the emerging industrial interests and whealthy merchants. They would evolve into the Liberal Party.

TORIES: Political party emerged in England in the 17th century. They were the conservative party. They supported the exiled Stuart royal family for the throne, the established Church of England and the gentry.

 

            Mainly because they were against everything the Tories were in favour: According to their point of view, the Tories would make of English a language like French: an Imperialist language. Moreover, the measure of a Academy was identified with the Stuart claimants to the monarchy and inevitably also with the French model of an Academy, instituted by Cardinal Richelieu, an aristocratic Catholic.

 

  1. “THE GENIUS OF OUR PEOPLE”: The metaphysical spirit of people of Britain, when compared to the French.

 

  1. The main reason for its decay is “Totalliarism”: with its government changed into a Tyranny, there was no place for Orators; Eloquence was ruined, Senate and people were in a slavish disposition...

Another reason, despite being more obvious, were the frequent invasions from the GOTHS and VANDALS.

 

  1. “SUFFER”: He is referring to the hard work, made by Shakespeare and Milton, of imaging new words and using them, due to the lack of vocabulary.

 

  1. It was Herder.

 

 

  1. He proposed that the clergy should be taught pronunciation in order that they could then act as the medium by which it could be propagated. Thus, principles of elocution got mixed up with Church in an attempt to bring about a new linguistic and historical order.

 

  1. When compared to English, these authors said that French was “flimsy” (weak, without a fixed structure), Italian was merely “neat” (tidy, good), Spanish “grave” (seriosly bad; place where a person is buried), Saxon, High Dutch “Belgic” and the Teutonic tongues were natively “hoarse” (having a rough voice normally because of a cold) and “rough” (hard and loud sound).

Obviously, I do not agree with their way of classifying European languages. These statements are subjective, non-professional criticism and full of prejudices. They do not take into account any feature of the languages to classify them, but only feel that their language is of a higher class than its neightours only because it is the tongue of their state.

 

  1. In his novel “Robinson Crusoe”.

 

  1. Latin was not necessary for tradesmen: people whose job dealt with arts & professions have no need of other language but their own.
  2. A correct, proper, appropriate mode of expression was to be desired because it procured Respect for those who talked it, helping to their advancement in life.

 

  1. Then, the variety of English considered to be “proper” English was the one spoken by the burgeois. The language of the Court, of Universities or of a general “London” was not taken into account. Now the language properly so called was found in the upper and middle ranks.

 

 

  1. By a process based on discipline, punishment and rewards and education.

 

  1. Her purpose was to bring up children, to full fill the role of the mother.

 

 

  1. He warned it because they could pick up bad habits.

 

  1. Working classes made structural mistakes, provincialisms, while the gentry would never do a structural error; theirs would only be occasional mistakes.