1-Elocution is the study of formal speaking in pronunciation, grammar, style, and tone. Lessons to improve pronunciation, grammar, style and tone.

 

2-  Polyglossia: The coexistence of multiple languages in the same area

Monoglossia: no division

 

3- The usual speech of the court, and that of London and the shires lying about London within 1 mile.

 

4- Abundant and archaic without order at all. Chaotic.

5- It is proper to

 

6- Because it was a process of fights until it became regularized.  It was a common trope in the 18th century.

 

7- A formal or high expression of praise.

8- Swift

 

9- They accept that is linked with the civil and religious constitution, and it degenerates like any kind of government.

10- Dryden, Defoe, Addison and Wilson.

 

11- Because they related the academy to France, and thus with the Stuart claimants to the monarchy and because it had been instituted by the Cardinal Richelieu, an aristocratic Catholic.

 

12- French people would submit to an absolutist government but “our people” would not submit to any laws they do not give their own consent.

13- The change of government into tyranny, no more encouragement for popular orators, freedom of the city and capacity for employments to several towns which brought foreign pretenders into Rome. Summing up heteroglossia brings about the imperial downfall.

 

14- He refers that there are writers which have changed the language like Shakespeare.

15- Herder.

16-He proposed that the clergy should be taught pronunciation in order that they could then act as the medium by which it could be propaged.

17- Lemon classifies French as “flimsy”, Italian as “neat”, Spanish “grave”, Saxon, High Dutch “Belgic” and Teutonic tongues as “hoarse and rough”.

18- In “Robinson Crusoe”.

 

19- It was not necessary for the bourgeoisie.

 

20-English grammar ought to be taught in every Latin school: And there ought to be a Master for the English language in each of those seminaries of Westminster, Eaton , etc

The languages are directly related to political and social factors. Standard English became the prestigious accent in society. It distinguished different social classes

 

21- It seems that the English used in London, Universities and Court, was the “proper” one.

22- By means of discipline, punishment and education

23- There were two purposes: to fulfil the role of the mother, passing on pure language to the child and to act as companion to the male in public spheres.

24- He was against the communication between children and servants, because he thought that children would learn an inadequate language as well as tricks and vices.

25- He says that the gentry mistakes are not structural.