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The main source of
information about Jane Austen's life is family letters, especially those of Jane Austen to her sister Cassandra from 1796 onwards, supplemented by
family recollections (which were generally not written down, however, until
half a century after Jane Austen's death).
Jane Austen was born
December 16th, 1775 at Steventon, Hampshire, England (near Basingstoke). She
was the seventh child (out of eight) and the second daughter (out of two), of the
Rev. George Austen, 1731-1805 (the local rector, or Church of England clergyman), and his wife
Cassandra, 1739-1827 (née Leigh). (See the silhouettes of Jane Austen's father and mother, apparently taken at different
ages.) He had a fairly respectable income of about £600 a year, supplemented by
tutoring pupils who came to live with him, but was
by no means rich (especially with eight children), and (like Mr. Bennet in Pride and Prejudice) couldn't have given his daughters much to marry on.
More than one reader has
wondered whether the childhood of the character Catherine Morland in Jane
Austen's novel Northanger Abbey might not reflect her own
childhood, at least in part -- Catherine enjoys "rolling down the green
slope at the back of the house" and prefers cricket and baseball to girls' play.
In 1783, Jane and her older
sister Cassandra went briefly to be taught by a Mrs.
Cawley (the sister of one of their uncles), who lived first in Oxford and then
moved to Southampton. They were brought home after an
infectious disease broke out in Southampton. In 1785-1786 Jane and Cassandra went to the
Abbey boarding school in Reading, which apparently bore some resemblance to Mrs. Goddard's casual school in Emma. (Jane was considered almost too
young to benefit from the school, but their mother is reported to have said
that "if Cassandra's head had been going to be cut off,
Jane would have hers cut off too".) This was Jane Austen's only education
outside her family. Within their family, the two girls learned drawing, to play
the piano, etc. (See "Accomplishments" and Women's Education.)
Jane
Austen did a fair amount of reading, of both the serious and the popular
literature of the day (her father had a library of 500
books by 1801, and
she wrote that she and her family were "great novel readers, and not
ashamed of being so"). However decorous she later chose to be in
her own novels, she
was very familiar with eighteenth century novels, such as those of Fielding and
Richardson, which were much less inhibited than those of the later
(near-)Victorian era. She frequently reread Richardson's Sir Charles Grandison, and also enjoyed the novels of Fanny Burney (a.k.a. Madame D'Arblay). She later got the title for Pride and Prejudice from a phrase in Burney's Cecilia,
and when Burney's Camilla came out in 1796, one of the subscribers
was "Miss J. Austen, Steventon". The three novels that she
praised in her famous "Defense of the Novel" in Northanger Abbey were Burney's Cecilia
and Camilla, and Maria Edgeworth's Belinda. (See also the diagram of Jane Austen's literary
influences).
In 1782 and 1784, plays were staged by the Austen family at Steventon rectory, and in 1787-1788 more
elaborate productions were put on there under the influence of Jane's
sophisticated grown-up cousin Eliza de Feuillide (to whom Love and Freindship is dedicated). This throws an
interesting light on Jane Austen's apparent disapproval of such amateur
theatricals in her novel Mansfield Park (though Mansfield Park was written over twenty years
afterwards, in a moral climate closer to the Victorian era; also, in 1788 one
Charlotte Anne Frances Wattell eloped to Scotland with a son of the scandal-plagued Twistleton
family, remotely connected by marriage with Jane Austen's family -- Mr.
Twistleton and Miss Wattell had been acting together in amateur theatricals;
see Tucker, p.152).
Jane Austen wrote her Juvenilia from 1787 to 1793; they include
many humorous parodies of the literature of the day, such as Love and Freindship, and are collected in three
manuscript volumes. They were originally written for the amusement of her
family, and most of the pieces are dedicated to one or another of her relatives
or family friends.
Earlier versions of the
novels eventually published as Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice and Northanger Abbey were all begun and worked on
from 1795 to 1799 (at this early period, their working titles were Elinor
and Marianne, First Impressions, and Susan
respectively). Lady Susan was also probably written during
this period. In 1797, First Impressions/Pride and Prejudice was offered to a publisher by Jane Austen's father, but the publisher declined to even
look at the manuscript.
Jane Austen enjoyed social
events, and her early letters tell of dances and parties she
attended in Hampshire, and also of visits to London, Bath, Southampton etc., where she attended plays and
such. There is a famous statement by one Mrs. Mitford that Jane was the
"the prettiest, silliest, most affected, husband-hunting butterfly she
ever remembers" (however, Mrs. Mitford seems to have had a personal
jealousy against Jane Austen, and it is hard to reconcile this description with
the Jane Austen who wrote The Three Sisters before she was eighteen).
There is little solid
evidence of any serious courtships with men. In 1795-6, she had
a mutual flirtation with Thomas Lefroy (an Irish relative of Jane Austen's
close older friend Mrs. Anne Lefroy). On January 14th and 15th 1796, when she
was 20, she wrote (somewhat sarcastically), in a letter to Cassandra:
"Tell Mary that I make over Mr.
Heartley and all his estate to her for her sole use and benefit in future, and
not only him, but all my other admirers into the bargain wherever she can find
them, even the kiss which C. Powlett wanted to give me, as I mean to confine
myself in future to Mr. Tom Lefroy, for whom I do not care sixpence. Assure her
also, as a last and indisputable proof of Warren's indifference to me, that he
actually drew that gentleman's picture for me, and delivered it to me without a
sigh.
Friday. -- At length the day is come on which I am to flirt my last
with Tom Lefroy, and when you receive this it will be over. My tears flow at
the melancholy idea."
However, it was always
known that he couldn't afford to marry Jane (
In late 1800 her father,
who was nearly 70, suddenly decided to retire to Bath (which would not have been Jane Austen's
choice), and the family moved there the next year. During the years in Bath, the family went to the sea-side every summer,
and it was while on one of those holidays that Jane Austen's most mysterious romantic incident occurred. All that is known is
what Cassandra told various nieces, years after
Jane Austen's death, and nothing was written down until years after that.
While the family were staying somewhere on the coast (probably in south
Devonshire, west of Lyme), Jane Austen met a young man who seemed to Cassandra to have quite fallen in love with
Jane; Cassandra later spoke highly of him, and
thought he would have been a successful suitor. According to Caroline "They parted -- but he made it plain he
should seek them out again"; however, shortly afterwards they instead
heard of his death! There is no evidence as to how seriously this
disappointment affected Jane Austen, but a number of people have wondered
whether or not Jane Austen's 1817 novel Persuasion might not reflect this experience
to some degree, with life transmuted into art; Jane Austen would have been 27
(the age of Anne Elliot, the heroine of Persuasion) during 1802-1803, and a crucial
scene in Persuasion takes place in Lyme.
A more clearly-known
incident occurred on December 2nd. 1802, when Jane
Austen and Cassandra were staying with the Bigg
family at Manydown, near Steventon. Harris Bigg-Wither, who was six
years younger than herself, proposed to Jane, and she accepted, though she did
not love him (
Notoriously, none of Jane
Austen's letters to Cassandra from June 1801 to August
In 1803 Jane Austen
actually sold Northanger Abbey (then titled Susan) to
a publisher, for the far-from-magnificent sum
of £10; however, the publisher chose not to publish it (and it did not actually
appear in print until fourteen years later). It was probably toward the end of
the Bath years that Jane Austen began The Watsons, but this novel was abandoned in
fragmentary form.
In
January 1805 her father died. As would have been the case
for the Bennets in Pride and Prejudice if Mr. Bennet had died, the income due to the remaining
family (Mrs. Austen and her two daughters, the only children still at home) was
considerably reduced -- since most of Mr. Austen's income had come from clerical
"livings" which lapsed with his death. So they were largely dependent
on support from the Austen brothers (and a relatively small amount of money left
to Cassandra by her fiancé), summing to a total of about £450 yearly. Later in 1805, Martha
Lloyd (sister of James Austen's wife) came to live with Mrs. Austen, Cassandra, and Jane, after her own mother had
died.
Austen family genealogical charts
In 1806 they moved from Bath, first to Clifton, and then, in autumn 1806,
to Southampton. Two years later, Jane remembered (in a letter to Cassandra) with "what happy feelings of
Escape!" she had left Bath. Southampton was conveniently near to the
navy base of Portsmouth and the naval brothers Frank and Charles.
In 1809 Jane Austen, her
mother, sister Cassandra, and Martha Lloyd moved to Chawton, near Alton and Winchester, where her brother Edward provided a small house on one of his estates.
This was in Hampshire, not far from her childhood home of
Steventon. Before leaving Southampton, she corresponded with the dilatory publisher to whom she had sold Susan (i.e. Northanger Abbey), but without receiving any
satisfaction.
She resumed her literary
activities soon after returning into Hampshire, and revised Sense and Sensibility, which was accepted in late 1810 or
early 1811 by a publisher, for publication at her own risk. It appeared
anonymously ("By a Lady") in October 1811, and at first only her
immediate family knew of her authorship: Fanny Knight's diary for September 28, 1811 records a "Letter from Aunt Cass. to beg we would not mention
that Aunt Jane wrote Sense and Sensibility"; and one day in 1812 when
Jane Austen and Cassandra and their niece Anna were in a "circulating library" at Alton, Anna threw down a copy of Sense and Sensibility on offer there, "exclaiming to
the great amusement of her Aunts who stood by, ``Oh that must be rubbish, I am
sure from the title.''" There were at least two fairly favorable reviews,
and the first edition eventually turned a profit of £140 for her.
Encouraged by this success,
Jane Austen turned to revising First Impressions, a.k.a. Pride and Prejudice. She sold it in November 1812, and
her "own darling child" (as she called it in a letter) was published
in late January 1813. She had already started work on Mansfield Park by 1812, and worked on it during
1813. It was during 1813 that knowledge of her authorship started to spread
outside her family; as Jane Austen wrote in a letter of September 25th 1813:
"Henry heard P. & P. warmly praised in Scotland,
by Lady Robert Kerr & another Lady; -- & and
what does he do in the warmth of his brotherly vanity and Love, but immediately
tell them who wrote it!". Since she had sold the copyright of Pride and Prejudice outright for £110 (presumably in
order to receive a convenient payment up front, rather than having to wait for
the profits on sales to trickle in), she did not receive anything more when a
second edition was published later in
At Steventon she and Cassandra had had a private "dressing
room" next to their bedroom (in the later years, after their brothers had mainly moved out), which she
used to write her Juvenilia and early versions of her first three
novels in relative
privacy. At Chawton, she didn't have any such study, and James Edward tells the story of the famous creaking door, which Jane Austen requested not be fixed,
since it gave her warning of any approaching visitors, so that she could hide
her manuscript before they came into the room.
In addition to her literary
work, she often visited her brothers and their families, and other relatives
and friends, and they sometimes came to Southampton or Chawton. She had a reputation for being able to keep
young children entertained, and was also attached to her oldest nieces Fanny and Anna. In a letter of October 7th 1808, she wrote about her niece Fanny: "I found her... just what you describe,
almost another Sister, -- & could not have supposed that a neice would ever
have been so much to me". In a letter of October 30th 1815 she wrote to
her young niece Caroline, after her sister Anna's first child had been born: "Now that you
are become an Aunt, you are a person of some consequence & must excite
great interest whatever you do. I have always maintained the importance of
Aunts as much as possible, & I am sure of your doing the same now."
In a letter of November 6th 1813 (when she was 37 years old) she
wrote: "By the bye, as I must leave off being young, I find many Douceurs
in being a sort of chaperon [at dances], for I am put on the Sofa near the Fire
& can drink as much wine as I like." A few days earlier she had written, "I bought a Concert Ticket
and a sprig of flowers for my old age." (
In December 1815 Emma appeared, dedicated to the Prince Regent. A second edition of Mansfield Park appeared in February 1816, but was
not a sales success; her losses on the reprint of Mansfield Park ate up most of her initial profits
on Emma.
She had started on Persuasion in August 1815, and finished it in
August 1816 -- although during 1816 she was becoming increasingly unwell. In early 1816 her brother Henry's business went bankrupt; Edward lost £20,000.
In early 1817 she started
work on another novel, Sanditon, but had to give it up in March. On
April 27th she made her will (leaving almost everything to Cassandra), and on May 24 she was moved to Winchester for medical treatment. She died there on Friday, July 18th 1817, aged 41. It was not known
then what had caused her death, but it seems likely that it was Addison's
disease. (See also
Read the light poem that Jane Austen
wrote soon before her death.
The inscription
on her grave in the cathedral has become rather notorious in recent years. First, because it lays
such emphasis on her "sweetness" and Christian humility, even though
it is rather clear from Jane Austen's novels (let alone her letters) that she was no Fanny Price. However, this could well be simply the
conventional (and somewhat empty) eulogistic pieties of the day, heightened by Henry Austen's mid-life crisis.
The
more serious question is why there was no mention at all of her writings
(except in the somewhat oblique allusion to "the extraordinary endowments
of her mind").
In memory of
JANE AUSTEN,
youngest daughter of the late
Revd. GEORGE AUSTEN,
formerly Rector of Steventon in this County.
She departed this Life on the 18th July 1817,
aged 41, after a long illness supported with
the patience and the hopes of a Christian.
The benevolence of her heart,
the sweetness of her temper, and
the extraordinary endowments of her mind
obtained the regard of all who knew her, and
the warmest love of her intimate connections.
Their grief is in proportion to their affection
they know their loss to be irreparable,
but in the deepest affliction they are consoled
by a firm though humble hope that her charity,
devotion, faith and purity have rendered
her soul acceptable in the sight of her
REDEEMER.
See also the
(The following additional
memorial placque was set up in the cathedral in 1872, after the publication of James Edward Austen Leigh's Memoir:)
JANE AUSTEN
known to many by her
writings, endeared to
her family by the
varied charms of her
Character and ennobled
by Christian faith
and piety, was born
at Steventon in the
County of Hants Dec.
XVI MDCCLXXV, and buried
in this Cathedral
July XXIV MDCCCXVII.
"She opened her
mouth with wisdom
and in her tongue is
the law of kindness."
-- Prov. XXXI v. XXVI.
The novels Persuasion and Northanger Abbey were readied for the press by Henry, and published posthumously at the end of
There have been only two
authentic surviving portraits of Jane Austen, both by her sister Cassandra, one of which is a back view! (A poor-quality greycale JPEG and a poor-quality color JPEG of this are available.) The other
is a rather disappointing pen and wash drawing made about 1810 (a somewhat manipulated JPEG of this original
sketch is
available). The main
picture of Jane Austen referenced at this site (JPEG) is a much more æsthetically pleasing
adaptation of the same portrait, but should be viewed with caution, since it is
not the original (for a more sentimentalized Victorian version of this
portrait, see this image, and for an even sillier version of
the portrait, in which poor Jane has a rather pained expression and is decked
out in cloth-of-gold or something, see this image -- for some strange reason, it is this last
picture which has been frequently used to illustrate popular media articles on
Jane Austen). Here's the silliest version of this portrait ever.
For a fun modern
re-creation of the Jane Austen portrait, see the "Photograph" of Jane Austen lounging
at a Hollywood poolside <JPEG> (as seen in Entertainment Weekly). See also a deliberately contemporized (but not
silly) version of the portrait by Amy Bellinger. The silhouette included at the top of these files (if you have a graphic browser)
is not actually known with certainty to be Jane Austen's. Here is another silhouette said to be of Jane Austen, taken from The Illustrated Letters of
Jane Austen edited by Penelope Hughes-Hallett (formerly published as My
Dear Cassandra: The Letters Of Jane Austen).
Silhouettes of Jane Austen's father and mother (that of her father apparently
taken at a rather earlier age), a silhouette of Cassandra, and Cassandra's portrait of their niece Fanny Knight (JPEG) are also available.
In 1994, another portrait,
claimed to be of Jane Austen, has been discovered among Mr. Clarke's papers, and published in a limited
edition (this portrait was reportedly printed in the Daily Telegraph
book section of Saturday, March 4 1995). Go to this site for more information (and a scanned
image) of the portrait.
A picture
of the Austen family coat of arms is also available (both the original greyscale and a rudimentary colorization). The heraldic "blazon"
(description) is "Or, a chevron gules between three lions' gambs erect,
erased sable armed of the second. Crest: on a mural crown or, a stag sejant
argent, attired or." (Note that the ornamental winged child's head at the
bottom of the heraldic shield is not actually part of the coat of arms.) The
Latin motto, "QUI INVIDIT MINOR EST", can be translated as
"Who(ever) envies (me) is lesser/smaller (than I)".
This
information has been taken from http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/janelife.html#life3
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