VOCABULARY

 

-          LAY PERSON: a person who is not an expert.

-          GEORGIES: a person from Newcastle area.

-          FIELD LANGUAGE: politics, religious…

-          SHIWOLETH: is a word which indentifies someone as a member of a linguistic group.

-          GIVE YOU AWAY: it’s a phrasal verb which means “delatar” in Spanish.

-          UNATTESTED: we have no records.

-          SWEAR WORDS/ CUSS (British English/ American English): an expression which means “palabrotas” in Spanish.

-          EMPIRICAL METHOD: a method to know things through experiments using data.

-          IDIOLECT: words or expressions typical of each person.

-          CENTRALISERS: those who emphasised their local accent the most.

-          “BIRDS OF THE FEATHER, FLOCK TOGETHER”: an expression which means “Dios los crea, ellos se juntan” in Spanish.

-          OCH AY: it means “of course” in Scottish.

-          LOCH: “lake” in Scottish.

-          GLEN: in Scottish it means “valley”.

-          CRAG: a prominent rock.

-          “THROW ME A BONE”: to help someone.

-          ALMS: money for the poor.

-          MISGIVINGS: second thoughts.

-          TIME-WICE: in Spanish it means “en cuanto a…”

-          CALQUE/ LOAN TRANSLATIONS: is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_translation

-          WYF: a woman, no necessarily married.

-          DRUDGE: a person who does the hard work.

 

 

 

-DIALECT:

 

A form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.  

 

http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/dialect?view=uk

 

Everyone speaks a particular dialect, i.e. a particular type of English distinguished by its vocabulary and its grammar. Different parts of the world and different groups of people speak different dialects: for example, Australians may say arvo while others say afternoon, and a London Cockney may say I done it while most other people say I did it. A dialect is not the same thing as an accent, which is the way a person pronounces words.

 

http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/jargonbuster/d/dialect?view=uk

 

- DIACHRONIC CHANGE:

 

Concerned with the way in which something, especially language, has developed through time. Often contrasted with SYNCHRONIC.

 

http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/diachronic?view=uk

 

- SYNCHRONIC CHANGE:

 

Concerned with something (especially a language) as it exists at one point in time. Often contrasted with DIACHRONIC.

 

http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/synchronic?view=uk

 

- MILROY:

 

        Lesley Milroy is a sociolinguist and a professor emerita at the University of Michigan.[1] She was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK in 1944. She studied and began her work in sociolinguistics in the United Kingdom. Lesley's work in sociolinguistics focuses on urban and rural dialectology, language ideology and standardization, and includes her most famous work studying social networks and linguistic variations in Belfast in the 1970's. Among Milroy's accomplishments include her participation in writing over seven books and fifteen journal articles, her work as an editorial board member for several research journals, as well as various linguistic research and lecturing around the world. Milroy moved to the United States in 1994, where she worked as a professor and the chair of the department of linguistics at the University of Michigan, and retired in 2004. She has since done some Sociolinguistic teaching and lecturing at Oxford University.

 

        http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Milroy

 

- CAXTON:

 

William Caxton (c. 1415~1422 – c. March 1492) was an English merchant, diplomat, writer and printer. He was the first English person to work as a printer and the first person to introduce a printing press into England. He was also the first English retailer of books (his London contemporaries were all Dutch, German or French).

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Caxton

 

- CHAUCER:

 

Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 – 25 October 1400) was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales. Sometimes called the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin.

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaucer

 

- SAUSSURE:

 

Ferdinand de Saussure (pronounced [fɛʁdinɑ̃ soˈsyːʁ]) (26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in linguistics in the 20th century. Saussure is widely considered to be one of the fathers of 20th-century linguistics [1][2], and his ideas have had a monumental impact on literary and cultural theory and interpretation.

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure

 

 

- SOUND CHANGE:

 

Sound change includes any processes of language change that affect pronunciation (phonetic change) or sound system structures (phonological change). Sound change can consist of the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature) by another, the complete loss of the affected sound, or even the introduction of a new sound in a place where there previously was none. Sound changes can be environmentally conditioned, meaning that the change in question only occurs in a defined sound environment, whereas in other environments the same speech sound is not affected by the change. The term "sound change" refers to diachronic changes, or changes in a language's underlying sound system over time; "alternation," on the other hand, refers to surface changes that happen synchronically and do not change the language's underlying system (for example, the -s in the English plural can be pronounced differently depending on what letter it follows; this is a form of alternation, rather than sound change).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_law

 

http://www.zompist.com/sounds.htm

 

 

- INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES:

 

The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It is composed of 449 languages and dialects, according to the 2005 Ethnologue estimate, about half (219) belonging to the Indo-Aryan sub-branch. "Indo" refers to the Indian subcontinent, as the language group geographically extends from Europe in the west to India in the east. The languages of the Indo-European group are spoken by approximately three billion native speakers, the largest number of the recognised families of languages.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European

 

http://www.danshort.com/ie/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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