VOCABULARY
-
LAY PERSON: a
person who is not an expert.
-
GEORGIES: a
person from
-
FIELD LANGUAGE:
politics, religious…
-
SHIWOLETH: is a word which
indentifies someone as a member of a linguistic group.
-
GIVE YOU AWAY: it’s a phrasal verb which means “delatar” in Spanish.
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UNATTESTED: we have no records.
-
SWEAR WORDS/ CUSS (British English/ American English): an expression which means “palabrotas” in Spanish.
-
EMPIRICAL METHOD: a
method to know things through experiments using data.
-
IDIOLECT:
words or expressions typical of each person.
-
CENTRALISERS:
those who emphasised their local accent the most.
-
“BIRDS OF THE FEATHER, FLOCK TOGETHER”: an expression which means “Dios los crea, ellos se juntan” in Spanish.
-
OCH AY: it
means “of course” in Scottish.
-
-
GLEN: in
Scottish it means “valley”.
-
CRAG: a
prominent rock.
-
“THROW ME A BONE”:
to help someone.
-
ALMS:
money for the poor.
-
MISGIVINGS:
second thoughts.
-
TIME-WICE:
in Spanish it means “en cuanto a…”
-
CALQUE/ LOAN TRANSLATIONS: is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_translation
-
WYF: a woman, no necessarily
married.
-
DRUDGE: a
person who does the hard work.
-DIALECT:
A form of a language which is
peculiar to a specific region or social group.
http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/dialect?view=uk
Everyone speaks a particular dialect, i.e. a
particular type of English distinguished by its vocabulary and its grammar. Different
parts of the world and different groups of people speak different dialects: for
example, Australians may say arvo while others
say afternoon, and a
http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/jargonbuster/d/dialect?view=uk
- DIACHRONIC
CHANGE:
Concerned with the way in which something, especially language, has developed through time. Often
contrasted with SYNCHRONIC.
http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/diachronic?view=uk
- SYNCHRONIC CHANGE:
Concerned with something
(especially a language) as it exists at one point in time. Often contrasted with DIACHRONIC.
http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/synchronic?view=uk
- MILROY:
Lesley
Milroy is a sociolinguist and a professor emerita
at the University
of Michigan.[1] She was born in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Milroy
- CAXTON:
William Caxton (c. 1415~1422 – c. March 1492) was an English merchant, diplomat, writer and printer. He was the first English person to work as a printer
and the first person to introduce a printing press into
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Caxton
- CHAUCER:
Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 – 25 October 1400) was an English author,
poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered
for his unfinished frame
narrative The
Canterbury Tales. Sometimes called
the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the
first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English
language, rather than
French or Latin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaucer
- SAUSSURE:
Ferdinand de
Saussure (pronounced [fɛʁdinɑ̃ də soˈsyːʁ])
(26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant
developments in linguistics in the 20th century. Saussure is widely considered to
be one of the fathers of 20th-century linguistics [1][2], and his ideas have had a monumental impact on
literary and cultural theory and interpretation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure
- SOUND CHANGE:
Sound change includes any processes of language change that affect pronunciation (phonetic change) or sound system structures (phonological
change). Sound change
can consist of the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic
feature) by another, the
complete loss of the affected sound, or even the introduction of a new sound in
a place where there previously was none. Sound changes can be environmentally conditioned, meaning
that the change in question only occurs in a defined sound environment, whereas
in other environments the same speech sound is not affected by the change. The
term "sound change" refers to diachronic changes, or changes in a language's underlying sound
system over time; "alternation," on the
other hand, refers to surface changes that happen synchronically and do not change the language's underlying system
(for example, the -s in the English plural can be pronounced differently depending on what
letter it follows; this is a form of alternation, rather than sound change).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_law
http://www.zompist.com/sounds.htm
- INDO-EUROPEAN
LANGUAGES:
The Indo-European
languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, the Iranian
plateau, Central Asia and the Indian
subcontinent. It is composed
of 449 languages and dialects, according to the 2005 Ethnologue estimate, about half (219) belonging to the Indo-Aryan sub-branch. "Indo" refers to the Indian
subcontinent, as the language group geographically extends from Europe in the
west to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European