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.... such as Vannevar Bush and Theodor Nelson should not prevent a critical testing of their ideas against the manifestly emerging scholarly archive [6] 24] Similarly, we can reexamine the notions of textuality formulated by subsequent hypertext theorists such as Jay Bolter and George Landow [4][19] 1 In the rest of this paper the word scholarly refers to both sciences and arts, as in the German notion Wissenschaft . The unfortunate bias of scholarly towards the humanities is preferable to the even more exclusive notion of scientific in the Anglo Saxon tradition. Permission ....

.... (Landow, Bolter, Kolb [17] for some, hypertext is even explicitly connected to a particular philosophy or critical attitude [30] or, alternatively, an idea, already present in Bush s idea of the Memex , that hypertext is somehow closer to human associative thinking than printed text [6] [4]. Apart from the contradiction between these two ideas, critical distance being the opposite of associative thinking, they are similar in relying on belief more than on actual studies of hypertext. This supports Alex Pang s observation that many assertions made by 1st generation hypertext ....

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Bolter, J. D. (1991) Writing Space -- the Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

....and the promises of web based teaching as much as any field. Because computers are a technology of language and communication, writing instructors have used them in increasingly complex ways. Thus writing researchers have documented efforts to produce effective hypertext systems for collaboration [14 17], have explored the relationship between electronic tutoring, conferencing, and writing [18] 19] have built tools that support writing and design [5] 20] and have integrated Multi User Domains, Object Oriented (MOOs) 21] 22] and Online Writing Labs (OWLs) into the teaching of writing ....

J. D. Bolter, Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991.

....If we remove the explicit links from a browser, it can become a dynamic canvas for interaction. Nodes may appear in different contexts through multiple spatial references to the same underlying content; authors may use any unit of text as a new element in an expanding vocabulary of signs [4]. Thus, spatial hypertext is not only a means of presenting readers and authors with visualizations of existing structures; it is also a way to take advantage of human perceptual abilities in hypertext navigation, and to provide users with a fairly intuitive medium through which they may express ....

Bolter, J.D. Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J., 1991.

....Leaders Comment: This is the camera ready version of a paper that was presented at the 1st International Workshop on Computational Semiotics. FXPAL Technical Report References: Barthes, R. 1973. Elements of Semiology, A. Lavers and C. Smith, translators, New York: Hill and Wang. Bolter, J. D. 1991. Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing, Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Bush, V. 1945. As we may think. Atlantic Monthly, 176 (1) July) 101 108. Daly, N. and Bowen, P. 1995. Internet PowerWeb, Salt Lake City: Pacific HiTech. Eco, U. 1979a. The ....

.... The answer to this question may reside in the very nature of hypermedia itself: a rich commingling of a wide variety of different media objects (media) all tied together by a sophisticated structure of links (hyper) This, of course, was the ideal of Vannevar 1 Of course there are those, like Jay Bolter (1991), who would argue that such maturity is inappropriate for hypertext. This school of thought envisages a new generation of writing which is closer in spirit to adventure games and databases than it is to most current publications. It espouses a revolutionary view of hypertext. However, if we are ....

Bolter, J. D. 1991. Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing, Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

....interpretation. Interpretation is always performed with respect to a person s background knowledge (Heidigger 1962) For scholars interacting with texts, part of this background knowledge is the relationship of this text to other texts in the discipline; i.e. the web of intertextual references (Bolter 1991). Newcomers to the discipline, such as students, will not share this rich intertextual background knowledge. One of the unique aspects of hypertext is the ability to make some of these intertextual relations explicit, which can support and influence the reader s interpretative process (Bolter ....

....(Bolter 1991) Newcomers to the discipline, such as students, will not share this rich intertextual background knowledge. One of the unique aspects of hypertext is the ability to make some of these intertextual relations explicit, which can support and influence the reader s interpretative process (Bolter 1991; Goldman Segall 1995; Veltman 1997) The architectural form of intertextual links provided in an archive is never neutral; it reflects the implicit or explicit goals and policies of the archive manager. Studies of political web sites show how these sites use intertextual links to control the ....

Bolter, J. D. (1991). Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

....interleave reading and writing. We discuss the design implications of these findings for the development of better reading technologies. KEYWORDS reading, paper, documents, digital document readers, hypertext, digital libraries, design, Web INTRODUCTION Jay Bolter, in his book Writing Space [2], heralded the computer as the fourth great document medium, next to the papyrus, the medieval codex, and the printed book. Implied in this is that the demise of the printed page is merely a matter of time. Certainly many of today s hot topics in humancomputer interaction point to digital ....

Bolter, J.D. (1991). Writing space: The computer, hypertext, and the history of writing. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.

....The framework was later utilized in the development of the Hypervideo Engine. It is important to first consider prior work in this area that served as a basis for our notions in hypervideo. RELATED WORK A primary influence for hypervideo originated in the hypertextual framework of Storyspace [1]. Storyspace is a hypertext writing environment that employs a spatial metaphor in displaying links and nodes. Users create writing spaces, or containers for text and images, which they link to other writing spaces. The writing spaces form a hierarchical structure, which users can visually ....

Bolter, Jay David. Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, Hillsdale NJ. 1991.

....such completely automatic technique that is used to assign a measure of goodness of a text piece. This technique is based on the relationship of a particular text piece to various other pieces in the text. Text relationships have been extensively studies by researchers in the field of Hypertext. [4, 3, 5] In a collection of texts (or text pieces) links are placed between related pairs of text to indicate relationship between the texts. In such environments, the importance of a text can judged by the degree of its relatedness to other texts, or the number of links involving this text. In current ....

J.D. Bolter, The Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1990.

....anchors within the author s hypertext universe. The intelligent anchors are described in Section 3.3. 2 Modeling hypertext While the Dexter model (Halasz Schwartz, 1994, GrOEnbaek Trigg (1994) is the most popular model in the design of hypertext, the closest conceptual models seem to be Bolter (1991), Landow (1992) Frisse Cousins (1992) and Halasz (1988) Stotts Furuta (1991) touch upon one model of hypertext as being a technology driven out growth from the network data model for databases rejected in favour of the relational model in the 1970 s. They then introduce an alternative model ....

....overlaid on an underlying technology of microfilm, and hence each arrival departure point (anchor) was within a complete document book, could also have been said to have led to the proposed scenic route and litun structure in Section 3. This concept of an underlying structure is also raised by Bolter (1991) (see Section 2.6) in discussing the frameworks used by the great encyclopedists of the past and then re appears more formally in Schwabe et al. 1992) who suggests that the structure of any given application hypertext is independent of the contents of the hypertext and that the author design the ....

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Bolter, J.D. (1991). Writing space: The computer, hypertext, and the history of writing. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

....even though the reader s experience of it does. Of course, in a truly collaborative hypertext, fluidity is the apparent order of the day the overall body of material changes for both readers and writers (although, in many cases, some publication of fixed material does take place at a node level) [Bol91, Lan92]. Are home pages then fixed or fluid In the sense that they represent an individual in virtual space to a Web cruising public, they might be considered relatively fixed. Yet the properties of the Web make them fluid it is easy for an author to publish a hyperdocument, then replace it at will. ....

J. D. Bolter. Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1991.

....In this section, we discuss the influences of film and hypertext to our work, and the implications of this new discursive formation, hypervideo. HyperCafe and Hypertext HyperCafe engages Jay David Bolter s notion of topographic writing, that is, writing with places, spatially realized topics [7]. While HyperCafe is not an electronic writing environment, the spatiality and placement of text and video on the screen are vital to the user s experience. The user creates his or her own videotext artifact with HyperCafe. The nature of HyperCafe s video interaction is, in Michael Joyce s ....

Bolter, Jay David. Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, Hillsdale NJ. 1991.

....accessing system must serve a diverse user population with different interests and background, a variety of different accessing methods must be provided to satisfy the varying user needs, thereby creating a democratic situation where wide audiences with diverse needs can be adequately serviced. [Bolt90,Dela91] The procedures outlined in the previous section can be used to build flexible text utilization systems where particular text elements can be isolated, and texts can be read or traversed selectively depending on the context and on user interests. Consider first the important problem of text ....

Jay D. Bolter, The Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J., 1990.

....question is whether a tactile interface is appropriate for abstract information. The history of writing in recent centuries has been one of increased abstraction and distancing of the author from the text: through the printing press, the typewriter, and now the word processor and hypertext [2]. Does the user want to touch and hold blocks of text as he or she does other objects in virtual reality Penbased computing would suggest a return to the tactile quality of handwriting, but we have yet to see how and where penbased computing will be used. In the long run voice recognition may ....

Bolter, J. D. Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991.

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