1.      What does “elocution”mean? The art of careful public speaking, using clear pronunciation and good breathing to control the voice. What are elocution lessons? Classes in which people are taught to speak in public. Do they exist in Spanish? Yes.

2.      What do “polyglossia” and “monoglossia” mean? Polyglossia is “the coexistence of two or more languages, or distinct varieties of the same language, within a speech community”, and monoglossia is the existence of only one language.

3.      What kind of English does Puttenham recommend? He recommends the language of the court and the one spoken in London.

4.      What does “copious” mean? In large amounts; more than enough.

5.      What does “trope” mean? A figure of speech which consists in the use of a word or phrase in a sense other than that which is proper to it.

6.      Why does Crowley call the standardization process a war? Because he relates it with national identity, political history, status of the colonies…

7.      What does “encomium”mean?  A formal or high-flown expression of praise; a eulogy, panegyric.

8.      Who wrote the “Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue” (1712)? Swift.

9.      Do Johnson and Swift agree that the English language has degenerated? Yes

10.  Swift proposed an academy. Who else? Daniel Defoe.

11.   Why were the Whigs against an academy? Because they considered it a political threat from the Tories.

12.  What does Sheridan mean by “the genious of our people”? Their character.

13.  What reason does Swift give for the “decay of Latin? The change of the Government into a Tyranny.

14.  What does “suffer” in line 2 of page 66 mean?

15.  What was the first person, involved in German cultural nationalism, to make the link between language and nation? Herder.

16.  What was Sheridan’s solution to the problem of divergence in pronunciation? Teaching priests to pronounce English in the standard way.

17.  How did several authors describe other European languages? French was “flimsy”, Italian was “neat”, Spanish “grave”, Saxon, High Dutch Belgic and the Tetonic tongues were “hoarse” and “rough”.

18.  In which novel did Daniel Defoe capture the “colonial fantasy”? Robinson Crusoe.

19.  Locke thought that learning Latin was not necessary for which group of people? Tradesmen.

20.  How did learning to speak English using standard English empower people? It would procure them respect, and would be highly conductive to their advancement in life.

21.  What kind of English is deemed to be “proper” English? The one spoken by the upper and middle class.

22.  How was the inculcation of linguistic patterns carried out with middle-class children? They were given words to spell, and if they did it right, the teacher would tell them the meaning and a reward.

23.  What was the purpose of training women linguistically in the 18^th century according to Crowley? To fulfil the role of the mother and to act as a companion for the male in the public sphere.

24.  Why did Locke warn against children talking to servants? Because they would pick up bad habits.

25.  What was the difference between the mistakes made by the working classes and those made by the gentry according to Sheridan? The gentry’s mistakes were not structural, but occasional.