Following the German art fairy tale or Marchen, George Macdonald employs a dream or
dreamlike structure, revealing that to him the world of the spirit must be seen in terms of human
psychology, the human inner world. In fact, a great many Victorian and later fantasies employ
such dream structure, for the movement into the subjective world of the mind is the first step into
fantasy. Essentially, there are two ways to claim that the world of everyday reality, the world of
the realistic novel, is inadequate to human needs: the first is to claim that a higher world of religious
or political ideas and ideals is more important, more relevant; while the second is to claim that the
inner worlds of the human mind, its subjective experiences, have primary value. Lewis and
Macdonald embody the first view; Kafka and Lovecraft the second.

Novel and fantasy touch upon each other in this matter of the inner world, and if one envisages a
spectrum of fictions with the realistic novels of Eliot and Trollope at one end and the fantasies of
Macdonald and Lindsay at the other, the novel of psychological realism occupies a middle
position- and shares qualities of both. Thus, Phantastes than to Middlemarch or The Way We
Live Now.