"Lewis Carroll" (Charles
Lutwidge Dodgson), the author of Alice in Wonderland, of mathematical treatises,
and of a quantity of stories and poems, serious and humorous, was the son
of a churchman and the eldest of eleven children. His mother and father
were first cousins, and unusually religious. At the time of his birth,
his father, Dr. Dodgson, was the vicar of Daresbury, Cheshire (he later
was presented with the Crown living of Croft, Yorkshire, and subsequently
became Archdeacon of Richmond and one of the Canons of Ripon Cathedral),
and was a distinguished scholar whose favorite study was mathematics.
Daresbury was isolated, but there was no want of children, so Charles invented games to amuse himself and his brothers and sisters. He made a train with railway stations in the Rectory garden; he did conjuring in a brown wig and a long white robe; he made a troupe of marionettes and a stage with the aid of the family and a village carpenter; he wrote all the plays for it himself, and manipulated the strings. The most popular was The Tragedy of King John. He also made pets of snails and toads, and tried to promote modern warfare among earthworms by giving them small pieces of clay pipe for weapons.
Until he was twelve his father educated him, and then he went to Mr. Tate's school at Richmond. He was the butt of a few jokes as a new boy; later, however, he became the champion of the weak and small, and earned the reputation of "a boy who knew how to use his fists in a righteous cause." He contributed one story to the school magazine, probably a mystery, called "The Unknown One," which is unknown. Dr. Tate wrote to Dr. Dodgson that Charles had "a very uncommon share of genius," and "you may fairly anticipate for him a bright career." From Richmond he went to Rugby under Dr. Tate, and again acquitted himself more than creditably of his work. He always 'went home with one or more prizes." Indeed, the whole of his academic career was an endless series of excellent marks, prizes, and congratulations.
In the holidays between 1845 and 1850 he edited a number of magazines for his own amusement; the most entertaining of these was The Rectory Umbrella, which he illustrated as well as wrote. In this were the first nonsense rhymes and humorous drawings. "Seldom," says Walter De La Mare, 'has any child shown himself so clearly the father-to-be of the man."
On May 23, 1850, he matriculated at Christ Church College, Oxford, his father's college; in January the following year he became a resident of that college, and "from that day to the hour of his deathÑa period of forty-seven yearsÑhe belonged to 'the House,' never leaving it for any length of time. . ." Again he distinguished himself with first class honors in mathematics, second class in classics, and the Butler Scholarship. He wrote, "I am getting tired of being congratulated on various subjects; there seems to be no end of it. If I had shot the Dean I could hardly have had more said about it." After receiving his B.A. degree he was made "Master of the House" and sub-librarian. According to the terms of the scholarship, or studentship, he was to remain unmarried and proceed to holy orders. At this time, 1855, he began contributing poems and stories to The Comic Times, until its editor, Edmund Yates, founded The Train. It was Yates who chose from three names Dodgson submitted the nom de plume Lewis Carroll, and Lewis Carroll was first signed to a poem, "Solitude," which appeared in The Train in 1856.
The year 1855 was eventful; he received the further appointment of lecturer in mathematics at Christ Church College, a position which he held until 1881. Six years later he was ordained a deacon, but he never proceeded to priest's orders, probably because he stammered. He did, however, preach from time to time, often to the servants of the college but he enjoyed most preaching to children.
From this time until his death in 1898 the story of Lewis Carroll is the story of his literary work, of his child friends, of his hobbies and inventions, and the story of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, mathematician, lecturer, and scholar, is secondary. (A trip to Russia with Dr. Liddon in 1867 was the only real interruption in the quiet routine of his life. The Russian Journal is his diary of this trip.)
On July 4, 1862, Lewis Carroll wrote in his diary, "I made an expedition up the river to Godstowe with the three Liddells, we had tea on the bank there, and did not reach Christ Church till half-past eight." Somewhat later he added, "on which occasion I told them the fairy tale of Alice's Adventures Underground, which I undertook; to write out for Alice." The Liddells were the daughters of the dean of Christ Church College. Alice, the second daughter, lived to celebrate the centenary of Carroll's birth. Subsequently the book was called Alice's Hours in Elfland, but when it appeared in 1865 it was Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The first edition both Tenniel, the illustrator, and Carroll condemned because the pictures were printed poorly. Some of these 2000 copies were given by Carroll to hospitals and institutions where he thought the book might be enjoyed and some were sold in America. It was six years later that Through the Looking Glass was published.
In the meantime Carroll had settled down in a spacious apartment on the northwest corner of Tom Quad, where he remained the rest of his life, and where he had a photographic studio. Here he made portraits of a great many of the celebrities of his day, as well as of his child friends. The pictures are clear and sharp and altogether remarkable for their time. It was here that Carroll did a great deal of entertaining. He made charts of where his guests sat at table, and kept track of menus in his diary, so that "people would not have the same dishes too frequently." He was by now a confirmed and exacting bachelor, who labeled and filed all his papers and letters; who asked perfection of the artists who illustrated his books, and even requested one of them, E. Gertrude Thomson, not to do any work for him on Sundays; who rose early every morning, and worked hard all day. But he was also the child-lover who kept " for the amusement of his child guests a large assortment of musical boxes and an organette which had to be fed with paper tunes," clockwork bears, mice, frogs, games and puzzles of all sorts.
While the fame of Lewis Carroll
increased daily, Dodgson was turning out and publishing a quantity of mathematical
works, but, as Harvey Darton puts it, "no one who ever wrote for children
is more completely assured of unacademic immortality." Dodgson shied away
from publicity, and "declined to welcome any tribute to Lewis Carroll."
In fact he wrote, "Mr. C. L Dodgson. . . neither claims nor acknowledges
any connection with any pseudonym or with any book not published under
his own name." But Dodgson has a good deal of fun even under his own name.
He ridiculed the new belfry at Christ Church in a pamphlet, he wrote skits
on Oxford subjects, and published a book of parodies, mostly of Tennyson
and Longfellow. He invented a system of mnemonics for remembering names
and dates; poetical acrostics; a system for writing in the dark and he
improved the game of backgammon. The later works of Lewis Carroll never
reached the popularity of the Alice books. Sylvie and Bruno is full of
the ideals and sentiments "he held most dear," though it contains also
a good deal of nonsense.
Carroll was tall, thin, and
dark, with delicate features, smooth skin, and "thick curly hair." He "was,
at sight, a much odder figure than an effervescent country vicar" with
his jerky step.
Toward the end of his life he began to have 'a very peculiar, yet not very uncommon, optical delusion, which takes the form of seeing moving fortifications." He needed rest badly, but he kept on working, though he saw fewer people, and went to the theatre (which he liked exceedingly) almost never. He knew everybody of importance: writersÑ Ruskin, Tennyson, the Rossettis; actressesÑ the Terry sisters; scientists, churchmen, and men of affairs. He died at Guilford of influenza, but his memory is appropriately kept alive by perpetual public endowment of a cot in the Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London.
Carroll "was an interesting but
erratic genius," as Henry Holiday, the illustrator of Svlvie and Bruno,
said. He was full of ingenious ideas even in his youth, when he liked "the
look of logarithms"; he wrote on horse-race betting odds; he was constantly
inventing puzzles and corresponding with strangers about mathematics. He
was full of a tremendous reverence for sacred subjects, and would leave
a theatre if a joke on such matters was made in the play. He is almost
the only male writer to have written for girls; Sylvie and Bruno was his
only concession to boys, of whom he was very wary. Alice in Wonderland
has been universally praised because it "changed the whole cast of children's
literature, but he founded, not followed, a gracious type. . . " It was
"a spiritual volcano of children's books" (Harvey Darton). Perhaps the
most penetrating analysis of Alice's position in children's literature
is the novelist Sir Walter Besant's remark that "it admits us into a state
of being which, until it was written, was not only unexplored but undiscovered."