Introduction

INTRODUCTION THE FORMALISM AS A LITERARY THEORY: The Russian Formalism is a reaction against the previous positions of the literary theory. Within these previous positions the more followed one was the Positivist one in the Literary studies and in the Simbolism in the poetry in a wide part of Europe.
            The Romanticism suposed the introduction of the Subjetivism, it was a revulsive against everything previous. It has the creator genius as a instinctive power ( union between the spiritual thing and the corporal thing). It appeared at the end of the XVIII and it domined the first part of the XIX century.
            At the end of the XIX century and at the beginning of the XX century appeared a movement in France, the Simbolism, which stressed some features of Irracionality and Ocultism, the cult of Mistery. It was represented by Rimbaud, Verlaine, Cipollaire, Lantreamont and a precedent one which was Baudelaire, he does not belong to the Simbolism because he is an author which belongs to a preceding phase. They had a theory based on the belief in the correspondence between the more diverse things, maybe between the sounds and the colours, the words and the things, the dreams and the reality. Ex: Baudelaire, Sonnet of the vowels which have correspondence with the colours. It is joined with the arts of guessing, the world of the dreams and the mysteris. The heritage of the realism lead to the Positivism and to the Naturalism. The Naturalism and the Positivism appeared as a reaction against the Subjectivism of the Romanticism and it pretend the theory of the reflected. Art imitted the life, and it reflexed the beautiful part of life and also the ugly part of life.
POSITIVISM: Is a school of philosophal theory, sociological of the society about real bases which pretend abandone the ideological idealism and the subjectivism romantical. Under the appearance of objectivity and materialism it also has a great deal of Idealism.

            Within this context it also appeared other artistical beliefs of the XX century, the first one was the Futurism.F.T. Marinetty was an Italian who lived in Paris and was the first creator of the Futurism movement. In 1902 he published one of his first publications, a book of poems, written in French. Between 1908-9-10 he wrote manifests which led the bases of a Futurist poetry. In 1909 he wrote "The Manifest of the Futurism". The futurist were anti-positivist , they wanted to found a new poetry which had a different language, and made a revolution which broke with the poetical language used during that time. The themes that the Futurist used is related with the planes, the machines, the cult of the speed, the violence, the war, for them it is not important the romantic themes: the moon, lovers etc. The language used is considered very innovative, the Syntactical order is broken a lot of times also the logical language, the signs of punctuation does not exist, the verbs are used as nouns, new words are invented, the use of sounds with onomatopeic value.
            The futurism had a great importance in Russia. The situation there at the beginning of the century in the poetry is domined by the Symbolism, represented by a elitte. of cult poets which do not belong to the aristhocracy which was in crisis. This way the Futurist poets, not belonging to rich social classes, had a rupturist vision which characterized the new schools, vision of combat, renovation, which had points in common with the Italian Futurism, however the russians proclamed their independence of the Italian Futurism, and preferred to be called as Cubo-Futurists, as for example: V.KLuebnikov, Maiakousky, Esenin. The main characteristics of the movement are: The radical renovation of the language. It does not give an specific topic of the modernity. Sufficient beauty of the word, the expression. They thought, Kluebnikov that language must reach to "Raum" ( a language without meaning, abstract meaning, only expression). The procedure was to catch roots from the Russian to break words and to combine them with new radicals and to create new words. It is rejected the dependency between art and reality. Art has not a model to which it depends on. Within the same context, apart from the beliefs, it also appeared other philosophical tendencies which also broke with the preceding beliefs, it was a crisis of the Positivism and the Naturalism.
            Husserl studied the human perception, not the essence of the reality, the metaphisic of the human being, but to know through the apparence of the things, the study of the languag itself. We also have the postulation of the Structuralist school of Saussure, Which led to the study to the meaning as an independent study. It also meant a change of the function of the world, the human perception, the world entered a crisis in the XIX, appeared a more complex vision and secure conception known till that moment. Within this context appeared the School of literary theory which is named as Russian Formalism.