ROMANTICISM. Derived from the term "romance-like,' in which sense it
was used during the 17th and 18th centuries.
romanticism in its specific historical application refers to a movement
in European art from about 1800 to 1850. It had its roots
itl the preromantic concepts of the second part of the 18th century,
as expressed in JeanJacques Rousseau's writings and in the
cult of the "genius," the "`original." and the "`characteristic," Neo-Gothicism.
Sturm und Drang ("`storm and stress") in German
literature, and sentimentalism prepared the ground for the romanticism
of the 19th century.
Romanticism did not produce a unified style but expressed itself in
central and northern Europe in terms of the somewhat earlier
linear neoclassicism. Only in French painting did romanticism develop
a new. spontaneous. subjective, and painterly language in
contrast to the deliberate. objective, linear style of the neoclassical
masters. Paralleling the philosophical and literary cult of
nature and the natural, it reintroduced landscape painting and reflected
the newly awakened sense for history, in historical
paintings, and for religious-metaphysical speculations. in its revival
of Christian art.
In Germany the painters Runge and Friedrich created a new landscape
art that saw in nature a symbol of the divine spirit.
Christian symbolism was related to the cosmic infinite; historical
religion, to the seasons and the hours of the day. The rise of
American landscape paint. ing in the works of Allston, Cole. and the
members of the Hudson River school in general also
points to a stimulation through English and German romantic painting.
The Nazarene group in Rome, led by Overbeck and Cornelius, contributed
to the proliferation of religious and historical
compositions and exerted some influence on Flandrin and on the English
Pre-Raphaelites. In the wok of Von Schwind. A. L.
Richter, and Spitzweg romanticism turned from the religious spirit
to quiet contemplation and friendly story.telling, reflecting the
growing tendency t conceive of art as an entertainment.
In France the heroic age of the Revolution and of Napoleon's empire
gave the romantic spirit a tendency toward the
contemporary. The actual, the sensational, the unusual. and the exalted
prevailed. A new use of broad color application, in
which artists were guided by the study of Rubens, expressed the ideal
of passionate involvement. Rousseau and Delacroix were
the leading exponents of romantic painting. The creators of novel themes
and a free, painterly style. they also laid the ground for
subsequent naturalistic painting in France with their daring rendition
of natural phenomena and their spontaneous brushwork.
The landscape painting of the Barbizon school, represented by Corot,
Daubigny, and Millet, combined romantic emotion and
naturalistic, atmospheric observation.
In England the romantic spirit expressed itself in the poetry of Turner`s
landscapes and, after 1849, in the pictures of the
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood under the leadership of Rossetti and including
William Holman Hunt, Btirne-Jones, Millais. and
William Morris. Medieval stylization and extreme realism combine in
their work. which became a base for design reform in the
applied arts.
And now, you have here articles about romanticism published on internet.
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(U.S Mirror site at Stanford University Libraries)
Albright, Richard S. (Lehigh University): '"In
the mean time, what did Perdita?": Rhythms and Reversals in Mary
Shelley's The Last Man '
Baulch, David M. (University of Washington):
'The Sublime in the Bible'
Bicknell, Titus (University of York): 'Calamus
Ense Potentior Est : Walter Savage Landor's Poetic War of Words'
Brewer, William (Appalachian State University):
'Unnationalized
Englishmen in Mary Shelley's Fiction'
Bugajski, Ken A. (Texas A&M University):
'Joanna
Baillie: An Annotated Bibliography'
Burroughs, Catherine (Cornell University):
'Teaching
the Theory and Practice of Women's Dramaturgy'
Campbell, Ann (Emory University): 'Satire
in The Monk: Exposure and Reformation'
Campbell-Orr, Clarissa (Anglia Polytechnic
University): 'Mary Shelley’s
Rambles in Germany and Italy, the
Celebrity Author, and the undiscovered country
of the human heart'
Chandler, David (Corpus Christi College, Oxford):
'Vagrancy Smoked Out: Wordsworth
"betwixt Severn and Wye"'
---: '"The
Conflict": Hannah Brand and Theatre Politics in the 1790s'
---: 'Wordsworth's
"Are There no Groans?": Source, Meaning, Significance'
Conger, Syndy M. (Western Illinois University):
'Confessors and Penitents in M. G. Lewis's The Monk'
Corbett, Robert M. (University of Washington):
'The Violence of the Sacred:
The Economy of Sacrifice in The Cenci'
Cox, Jeffrey N. (University of Colorado at
Boulder): 'Leigh Hunt's Cockney
School: The Lakers' "Other"'
Crochunis, Thomas C. (The LAB at Brown University),
Guest-Editor of 'British Women Playwrights around 1800' - a
special issue of Romanticism On the Net
---: 'The
Function of the Dramatic Closet at the Present Time'
Davis, Tracy C. (Northwestern University):
'The Sociable Playwright and
Representative Citizen'
Decker, Catherine (California State University
at San Bernardino): 'Crossing
Old Barriers: The WorldWideWeb,
Academia, and the Romantic Novel'
Ezell, Margaret J. M. (Texas A&M University):
'Revisioning
Responding: A second look at Women Playwrights
Around 1800'
Faflak, Joel (University of Western Ontario):
'Analysis Interminable in the
Other Wordsworth'
Farnell, Gary (King Alfred's College, Winchester):
'Wordsworth’s The Prelude as
Autobiography of An Orphan'
Fay, Elizabeth (University of Massachusetts
- Boston): 'The Bluestocking
Archive: Constructivism and Salon Theory
Revisited'
Fraistat, Neil (University of Maryland), Steven
E. Jones (Loyola University Chicago), and Carl Stahmer (University
of California Santa Barbra): 'The
Canon, The Web, and the Digitization of Romanticism'
Frank, Frederick S. (Allegheny College), Guest-Editor
of 'Matthew Lewis's The Monk' - a special issue of
Romanticism On the Net
---: 'The
Monk: A Bicentenary Bibliography'
Fulford, Tim (Nottingham Trent University):'Mary
Robinson and the Abyssinian Maid: Coleridge's Muses and Feminist
Criticism'
Gamer, Michael and Laura Mandell (University
of Pennsylvania and Miami University of Ohio): 'On
Romanticism,
the Canon, and the Web'
Garbin, Lidia (University of Liverpool): 'The
Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck : Walter
Scott in the writings of Mary
Shelley'
Graver, Bruce (Providence College): 'Duncan
Wu's Wordsworth's Reading: 1770-1799: A
Supplementary List with
Corrections'
--- and Ronald Tetreault (Dalhousie University):
'Editing Lyrical Ballads for the Electronic Environment'
Gravil, Richard (College of St. Mark &
St. John): 'James Fenimore Cooper
and the Spectre of Edmund Burke'
Hanley, Keith (Lancaster University): 'Wordsworth's
Revolution in Poetic Language'
Hirschfield, Lisa (New York University): 'Between
Memory and History: Wordsworth's Excursion'
Hodgson, John (Princeton University):'An
Other Voice: Ventriloquism in America in the Romantic Period'
Hogle, Jerrold E. (University of Arizona):
'The Ghost of the Counterfeit
-- and the Closet -- in The Monk'
Hogsette, David S. (New York Institute of
Technology): 'Eclipsed by the
Pleasure Dome: Poetic Failure in Coleridge's
"Kubla Khan"'
Hopkins, Lisa (Sheffield Hallam University):
'Memory at the End of History: Mary Shelley's The Last Man '
Jackson, H. J. (University of Toronto):
'Lucy Revived'
Johns-Putra, Adeline (Monash University):
'Satirising the Courtly Woman and Defending the Domestic Woman: Mock
Epics and Women Poets in the Romantic Age'
Johnston, Kenneth R. (Indiana University):
'Romantic Anti-Jacobins or Anti-Jacobin
Romantics?'
Jones, Steven E. (Loyola University Chicago):
'"Supernatural, or at Least
Romantic": the Ancient Mariner and
Parody'
---., Neil Fraistat, and Carl Stahmer (Loyola
University Chicago, University of Maryland, University of California
Santa Barbra):
'The Canon, The Web, and the Digitization of Romanticism'
Koenig-Woodyard, Chris (St. Edmund Hall, Oxford):
'A
Hypertext History of the Transmission of Coleridge's
'Christabel,' 1800-1816'
---.: 'sex—text: 'Christabel' and the Christabelliads'
Kucich, Greg (University of Notre Dame): '"The
Wit in the Dungeon": Leigh Hunt and the Insolent Politics of Cockney
Coterie'
Lussier, Mark (Arizona State University):
'Wave
Dynamics as Primary Ecology in Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound'
Malpas, Simon (University of Wales, Cardiff):
'"I
cried 'Come, tell me how you live!' / And thumped him on the head":
Wordsworth, Carroll and the "Aged,
Aged Man"'
Mandell, Laura (Miami University of Ohio),
Guest-Editor of 'Romantic Anthologies' - a special issue of Romanticism
On the Net
---: 'Canons
Die Hard: A Review of the New Romantic Anthologies'
--- and Michael Gamer (Miami University of
Ohio and University of Pennsylvania): 'On
Romanticism, the Canon, and
the Web'
Matlak, Richard and Anne Mellor (College of
the Holy Cross and University of California, Los Angeles):
'Anthologising
the New Romanticism'
McKeeverr, Kerry Ellen (University of Idaho):
'Writing
and Melancholia: Saving the Self in Mary Shelley's "The
Mourner"'
POR PROBLEMAS CON EL SERVIDOR,
LOS SIGUIENTES TEXTOS PODRÁS ENCONTRARLOS EN LA DIRECCIÓN
OFRECIDA A CONTINUACIÓN DE CADA UNO:
Mellor, Anne and Richard
Matlak (University of California, Los Angeles and College of the Holy Cross):
'Anthologising the New
Romanticism' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/mellor.html
Miall, David S. (University
of Alberta): 'Electronic Romanticism: The CD' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/rom_cd.html
---.: 'The Resistance
of Reading: Romantic Hypertext and Pedagogy' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/reading.html
Mizukoshi, Ayumi (Teikyo
Heisei University): 'The Cockney Politics of Gender -- the Cases of Hunt
and Keats'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/cockneygender.html
Nachumi, Nora (City
University of New York): 'Acting Like a "lady": British Women Novelists
and the
Eighteenth-Century Stage'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/bwpacting.html
O'Neill, Michael (University
of Durham): '"The Words He Uttered": A Reading of Wordsworth' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/uttered.html
Pace, Joel (Blackfriars,
Oxford): '"Gems of a soft and permanent lustre": The Reception and Influence
of the Lyrical
Ballads in America'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/americanLB.html
---: 'Emotion and Cognition
in The Prelude' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/emotion.html
Perry, Seamus (Lincoln
College, Oxford): 'Coleridge, the Return to Nature, and the New Anti-Romanticism:
An Essay
in Polemic' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/antirom.html
--- (Glasgow University)
and Nicola Trott (Glasgow University), Guest-Editors of 'Lyrical Ballads,
1798-1998' - a
special issue of Romanticism
On the Net' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/guest3.html
Purinton, Marjean D.
(Texas Tech University): 'Revising Romanticism by Inscripting Women Playwrights'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/bwprevising.html
Reilly, Susan P. (University
of New Hampshire): 'Blake's Poetics of Sound in The Marriage of Heaven
and Hell'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/blakepoetics.html
Richardson, Alan (Boston
College): 'British Romanticism as a Cognitive Category' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/cognitive.html
Roberts, Maureen B.
(University of Adelaide): '"Ethereal Chemicals": Alchemy and the Romantic
Imagination'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/alchemy.html
Saunders, Julia (Wolfson
College, Oxford): 'Putting the Reader Right: Reassessing Hannah More's
Cheap Repository
Tracts' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/more.html
Scott, Matthew (Magdalene
College, Oxford): 'The Circulation of Romantic Creativity: Coleridge, Drama,
and the
Question of Translation'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/circulation.html
--- (Somerville College,
Oxford): 'The Return to Poetics - A Review-Essay on Timothy Clark's Theory
of Inspiration
and Theresa Kelley's
Reinventing Allegory'' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/scott.html
Sheffy, Rakefet (Tel
Aviv University): 'Models of Nature and Landscape Description: Their Sources
and Functions in
the Canonization of
Late Eighteenth Century German Prose-Fiction' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/german.html
Smith, Christopher (Open
University): 'Robert Southey and the Emergence of Lyrical Ballads' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/southeyLB.html
Stahmer, Carl (University
of California Santa Barbra), Steven E. Jones (Loyola University Chicago),
and Neil
Fraistat (University
of Maryland): 'The Canon, The Web, and the Digitization of Romanticism'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/rcron.html
Steyaert, Kris (University
College London): 'Poetry as Enforcement: Conquering the Muse in Keats's
"Ode to Psyche"'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/psyche.html
Strachan, John (University
of Sunderland): '"'The Praise of Blacking": William Frederick Deacon’s
Warreniana and
Early Nineteenth-century
Advertising-related Parody' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/warren.html
Suzuki, Ruriko (Tohoku
Gakuin University): 'Translation in the 1790's: a Means of Creating a Like
Existence and/or
Restoring the Original'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/translation.html
---: 'The idea of "the
real language of men" in the 1800 "Preface" to Lyrical Ballads; or Enfield's
idea of language
derived from Condillac'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/real.html
Tetreault, Ronald (Dalhousie
University) and Bruce Graver (Providence College): 'Editing Lyrical Ballads
for the
Electronic Environment'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/electronicLB.html
Thomson, Douglass H.
(Georgia Southern University): 'The Work of Art in the Age of Electronic
(Re)Production' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/work.html
Tienhooven, Marie-José
(University of Rochester): 'All Roads Lead to England: The Monk Constructs
the Nation' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/nation.html
Treadwell, James (Christ
Church, Oxford): 'Innovation and Strangeness; or, Dialogue and Monologue
in the 1798
Lyrical Ballads'
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/innovationLB.html
Trott, Nicola and Seamus
Perry (Glasgow University), Guest-Editors of 'Lyrical Ballads, 1798-1998'
- a special
issue of Romanticism
On the Net' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/guest3.html
Tuite, Clare (University
of Melbourne): 'Cloistered Closets: Enlightenment Pornography, The Confessional
State,
Homosexual Persecution
and The Monk' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/closet.html
Whissel, Cynthia (Laurentian
University): '"'Tis more than what is called mobility": Structure and a
Development
towards Understanding
in Byron's Don Juan' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/donjuan.html
White, Daniel E. (University
of Pennsylvania): '"The god undeified": Mary Shelley's