Frankenstein in Paradise
(Parkett, December 1997)
A lack of
historical awareness can be a sure sign of impending doom: those who do not
know the past are condemned to repeat it. But is it not also possible to suffer
from a surfeit of historical awareness? Too keen a sense of history can corrupt
or perhaps undercut an action altogether, much as a moment of
self-consciousness can cause an actor to forget his lines. The anxiety of
influence is a malady of this genre, and another occurs when an artist
considers not past greats but future greatness. Does every artist not wonder
how he will himself be treated by history? Even the Greeks thought art emerged
from a desire for immortal glory, though today it takes on a new form: an actorâs "glory" is to be hounded by
photographers, while an artistâs is to be dogged by
exegetes. Was it not inevitable that an awareness of this situation would enter
into artworks themselves? James Joyce once remarked that Finnegans
Wake would "keep the professors busy." History had begun to peer over
his shoulder, and the consequence was to be a portrait of the artist as a
self-conscious man. In short, modernist art about art was poised to become
something very different: art about the interpretation of art.
It is essentially a problem as old as Eden: once you eat the forbidden
fruit, how can you patch blissful ignorance together again and become a
veritable Frankenstein of innocence? Having been at the epicenter of an art media frenzy, how can an artist such as Jeff Koons not have the din of exegeses ringing in his ears
every time he sets out to make a work? It is not a personal matter, a question
of conscience, or a probe into the creative psyche, but rather a profound
aesthetic issue: how can the artist think for himself? That Koons
has found a way is made plain by the unexpectedness of the terms (trust,
sincerity, archetypality, objectivity) in which he
speaks of his new work, Celebration. And yet, if itâs
not surprising to assert that a social contract lies at the foundation of
society, must it sound so weird to say that an aesthetic compactöpredicated
precisely on such values as trustölies at the
foundation of art? The problem of the counterfeit alone attests to its
importance, not to mention the immense institutional mechanisms (museums,
catalogues raisonnés, scholars) dedicated to determining
whether artworks can be trusted. Are they real? Are they good? Are they art at
all?
A similar
suspiciousness always haunted philosophyâs view of
knowledge, to the point where Descartes finally raised it into a principle,
universal doubt. Has Koons discovered a concordant
phenomenon, a universal doubt that belongs to aesthetics and makes it
impossible even to have faith in artworks anymore? Such mistrust would be a
logical consequence of half a century of "art that questions the status of
art," and also of the gradual dematerialization of the art object.
Philosophy had always doubted of knowledge because sensory experience, it
thought, is rife with errors which subsequently reason has to correct. Now as
art legitimates increasingly abstract procedures of creation, such that a
readymade, wordgame, or mere idea can be
"art," is it not perhaps inevitable that it take up that old
prejudice against the senses? Or perhaps the causal chain is the reverse: as
the contemptus corporis
endemic to western tradition infiltrates even its aesthetics, must art not
decreasingly appeal to the senses? Conceptual artists produce no
bodice-rippers, and to whatever extent Duchamp is the patron saint of
post-modernism, he is most certainly its first célibataire,
its first ascetic, as well. The essentially intellectual thrust of his achievementöin inventing the very idea of the readymade, he
tilted the balance away from the material object and thereby forced aesthetics
to take note of the pure conceptödid for art what
Christianity did for religion: it made the body superfluous. An
aesthetics of perception (the Greek root aesthenesthai
means to perceive) gives way in Duchamp to an epicene one of conception.
A repudiation of
this asceticism was latent in Koons long before the
pornographic works of Made in Heaven. Certain early works such as BUNNY were
able to turn the readymade on its head simply by no longer treating it
puritanically, like a chess move. Instead, they approached it by means of
affect and visceral response. BUNNY was pretty, happy, glossy, funny, even
beautiful. Might not the simple certainty of a sensory experience revitalize
the aesthetic compact? When an artwork inspires a sense of beauty, it is as
difficult to doubt the reality of that affect as of a feeling of pain. Thus do
the new works of Celebration strive to bedazzle, although beauty may still be
too subjective an affect to rely on. An individual might not doubt his own
reaction, but does he not hope that others will share it and perhaps therefore
dub the work objectively beautiful in itself? The problem of beauty conjoins
that of objectivity. It is not a matter of making the artist impartial but of
making the work itself more objective. Koons
accomplishes this by means of hard lines: the sculptures of Celebration are
crisp as cookie-cutters, and the paintings as delineated as stained glass. This
is no more epiphenomenal to Koons than the straight
edge to Egypt or sinuosity to the Gothic. It is important because in art clean
lines are the precondition of empiricism. They induce faith in the senses. In a
gradient extending from black to white, there are myriad shades of grayöask someone where any one
begins or ends, and the answer will plainly be
subjective. But where black clearly abuts white, there the answer will approach
objectivity.
While it would be
impossible to objectify beauty in this way, Celebration strives for
universality by depicting mass-produced goods. Must these not appeal to mass
audiences? It is in this respect that Koonsâ work
functions as archetype: itâs neither Platonic form
nor Jungian symbol so much as good bet. However, the aim is not literally to
reach the widest audience possible but rather to evoke familiarity in the
widest possible portion of an actual audience. Why? Because the unfamiliar, the
mysterious, gives to think. Put paint on a canvas with a severed moosehead and weâre forced to
wonder why. But the depiction of familiar things invokes a different system of
response altogether, one based less on reason than recollection. The perception
of the artwork, in this system, is immediately redoubled by its phantom in
memory, the two fitting snugly together like two hands in a handshake, whereas
in the other system reason, mutilated, goes looking for its other half,
"meaning." Koons chose to cast many of the
Celebration sculptures in polyethylene for precisely this effect. This plastic,
common in toys, is the material with which children learn how to become adults:
oneâs first hammer and gun are always polyethylene.
However, in Koonsâ sculptures it points not forward
but backward: invoking cognition less than recognition, it turns the focus away
from the artist (why did he do that?) and toward the viewer (I remember that!).
The very transition from a question to an assertion already indicates an
increase in certainty.
Such a shift of focus is also instigated by the highly reflective facture
of the Celebration sculpturesöones not made of
polyethylene are composed of a shiny high-chromium stainless steel. This
reflectivity is no more incidental to the work than its linearity, since even
the paintings mostly depict their subjects against mylar
backgrounds, and though the resulting play of light gives the work the
appearance of being constantly "on," its import is not purely visual.
What does the viewer see as he circles one of the sculptures? It, certainly, but also himself in its surface. It is
virtually impossible to see the artwork without seeing oneself. The artist, on
the other hand, literally drops out of the picture: toys come from
Fisher-Price, games from Mattel, and art from artists, but where do mirrors
come from? It is difficult to name a manufacturer because mirrors are designed
to elicit not brand-awareness but self-involvementöso
too with Koonsâ sculptures. The feedback loop of
perception and recollection induced by the familiarity of the subject matter is
redoubled yet again by the interplay of appearances. Celebrationâs
maxim is not to know but to see thyself.
In philosophy,
universal doubt is a kind of feigned idiocy. The thinker pretends not to know
anything, then proceeds forward into knowledge by
means of self-reflection (I think therefore I am). In art, itâs
the opposite: the proliferation of increasingly self-conscious, cerebral work
is accompanied by a crisis of faith in art itself. If modernism asked
"What is art?", postmodernism responds with
"I donât know, Iâm not
sure anymore..." Might not the antidote to such a situation be a healthy
dose of blissful ignorance? Might not art fall from the apostates to the innocentsöthose who, untroubled by the nature or meaning of
art, carry it on with a kind of blind faith? Koons
often speaks of his works as meaning no more or less to him than to anyone
else. He does not produce art about the interpretation of art, but rather art about
the non-interpretation of art. His strategies in Celebration are to make art
beautiful (to elicit a gut response), to strive for objectivity (to encourage
faith in the senses), to give back the familiar (to sideline reason for
memory), and to reflect the viewer (to discourage interpretation of the work in
favor of involvement with the self). And the principle behind his strategies is
this: if it was knowledge that led to paradise lost, might not idiocy be the
only means to regain it?
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Academic year 2008/2009
© a.r.e.a./Dr.Vicente Forés López
© Lorena Levy Ballester
lolevyba@alumni.uv.es