Victor
Frankenstein: An Absent Parent
By Jessica M. Natale
Mary Shelleyâs Frankenstein,
is a story of dual themes: Faustian behavior and nineteenth century parenting
techniques, the theories of Rousseau, and other Romantics. However, this novel
focuses on the outcome of one manâs, namely Victor Frankensteinâs Faustian motives and desires of dabbling
with nature, which result in the creation of his offspring or creature. Unlike Fautsus, Victor was not doomed to failure from his initial
desire to overstep the natural bounds of human knowledge. Rather, it was his
poor "parenting" of his progeny, that lead
to his creationâs thirst for the vindication of his
unjust life. His failure in the creation of his "child," is
specifically the creatureâs monster-like persona and Victorâs own tragic life and end. His creature was not
raised and nurtured by himself. The views of Rousseau, Locke, Montaigne and
indeed Mary Shelleyâs personal child rearing
experiences, concerning the practice of parenting, enrich the readerâs perception of the parent/child relationship
between Frankenstein and his creature. As a "hero," Victor is a hero
related to Prometheus Satan and Faustus; they were all heroic in their
revolutions yet pathetic in their destinies. However, Frankenstein rebelled but
failed in the full execution of that rebellion by failing to follow through,
i.e. failing to parent his creation, the goal and direct result of such a
rebellion; thus he created a "monster" through his absence of
nurturing and love for his progeny.
In order to investigate Frankensteinâs thirst for
knowledge and motives for the creation of his child, we must turn to the
character of Faustus. They both search for the secrets of life. Indeed, Fautsus searches for its very cause and the knowledge how
to manipulate it. The protagonist embarks on a classic Romantic Quest, the
tenets of which are expressed in the Faust legend, i.e., the consummate desire
for knowledge and the tragedies that can arise from desires. Frankenstein
states: The world was to me a secret which I desired to divine. Curiosity,
earnest research to learn the hidden laws of nature, gladness akin to rapture,
as they are unfolded to me, are among the earliest sensation I can remember
(Shelley, p. 22).
Frankenstein states that he is not satisfied with previous knowledge. He looks
to the past and builds upon it, with his own research and experimentation. He
is not interested in the usual subjects of study, in accordance with the same
dissatisfaction Faustus expressed in the areas of theology, medicine, law, etc.
Both characters look to magic and activities which negate God, as Frankenstein
states, "The raising of ghosts or devils, . . .
the fulfillment of which I most eagerly sought (Shelley, p. 26)."
Other parallels between the protagonist and the Faust legend include their
desire to embark upon a new science. They jointly desire real knowledge; as
asserted by Frankenstein:
I at once gave up my former occupations, set down natural history . . . as a
deformed and abortive creation, and entertained the greatest disdain for a
would-be-science which could never step within the threshold of real knowledge
(Shelley, p. 27).
Their fates seem to be fixed from their initial decision to launch into their
quests; Shelley writes, "Destiny was too potent, and her immutable laws
had decreed my utter and terrible destruction
(Shelley, p. 27)." They both embarked upon their journeys of discovery
with no regard for anyone or anything but themselves. Originally, Frankenstein
had planned to use the results of his investigations to help mankind; but this
focus soon transmuted into an all-encompassing obsession to perform the
impossible for its own sake. Therefore, Frankenstien
did not take into account that he would be responsible for the goal of his
studies, namely the rearing, protection and care of the creation. He certainly
did not adequately prepare himself for parenthood. One can infer from the
above-mentioned motives of discovery both of Faustus and Frankenstein, they
were very self-serving and selfish. They were only concerned with the means
rather than the ends of their ambitious adventures of knowledge and discovery.
The creature that Victor created resembles Adam in that they were unique, alone
and individual. Indeed, to expand and contrast upon this biblical parallelism,
the situation in which Victorâs creature finds himself, is analogous to predicament of the Biblical
character of Adam, the first human being. However there are dissimilarities
between the creature and Adam: Adam was given a companion, he was created so
there would be an "Adam" and not merely as the fulfillment of an
experiment, he received nurtured care and had the presence of a father figure,
namely God. Adam was ejected from the garden of Eden,
yet he was never deserted by God and heard these words which Victor shouted at
his creation: "abhorred monster! Fiend that thou
art." Adam is created with benevolent intentions, and is not
punished by God until he had violated a law. The creature is not responsible
for his abandonment; he is unloved and rejected from the moment of his
creation. In addition, Frankenstein never entertained pre-conception loving
feelings about his creation. Indeed, the creature never has a place in his creatorâs heart. However, God took responsibility for his
creation, nurtured him and never fully abandoned him. Whether God is culpable
for Adam and Eve eating from the tree of knowledge is not to be debated; the
point of this issue is that God parented his creations and did not wholly
desert them as Frankenstein had done with his creation. The creature is created
solely from self-serving motivations. According to the Judeo-Christian
tradition, Adam was created in the image of love or something greater than
selfishness. God wanted to make Adam and was prepared to act as a responsible
parent, namely to raise him. In contrast, Victor never even fathomed the actual
existence of the creature, much like resembling an unplanned pregnancy that was
never emotionally and rationally dealt with even after the actual birth of the
child. One example of this complete disregard, is demonstrated
by Victorâs absolute inattention to the creatureâs physical appearance. He gives the creature an
enormous frame and grotesque appearance. He never considered how such a
creature would be able to coexist with human beings or live normally.
The creature does not receive love. Despite these unfortunate beginnings, the
creature asserts that he was good, despite the absence of parenting and
guidance until he encountered society. Rousseau would agree with the creatureâs reasoning and add that moral failings are also
due to the lack of a parentâs love. Shelley alludes
to this theory of Rousseauâs concept of the natural
man as a noble savage, born free but in chains created by society which will
eventually corrupt. The creature represents Rousseauâs
natural man. He responds to natural needs like any other animal. When he
encounters the De Laceys or society, he develops the
faculty of rational thought, a consciousness and realizes that he is an
outcast. Shelley refers to Lockeâs theories for the creatureâs education. Locke argued that man is neither
innately good or evil, but rather a blank slate upon which sensations create
impressions which create conscious experience. This "tabula rasa"
idea was certainly a commonly accepted Romantic concept of infancy and
childhood. The creature first encounters physical sensations such as hot, cold,
dark, hunger, etc. I assert that this period is the creatureâs
infancy state. He later learns through experience to distinguish, understand
and manipulate these physical sensations. His sensative
experiences enable him to learn to care and sustain his being.
The creature learns how to speak and the tenets of morality and virtue through
observation of the De Lacey family. This acquisition of language enlarges his
intellectual capacities. He also reads their library which includes both
classical and modern works. However, this education only brings woe to the
creature as he states, ". . . sorrow only increased with knowledge. Oh, that I had forever remained in my native wood (Shelley, p.
105)." To return to Rousseauâs theory of
the corrupting influence of society, the creature did receive an excellent
education which only served to alienate him from his state as a "natural
man." His other theory concerning the negative impact from the absence of
motherly love is demonstrated through the creatureâs
eventual destructive and resentful mentality. Montaigne, like Rousseau,
advocates a nurturing upbringing. Montaigne, however, investigates specifically
a fatherâs duty to his child. He writes, " A true and regular affection should spring up and
increase with our growing knowledge of them (Montaigne, Book II, Ch. 8., Essay
On the affection of fathers for their children, p.139)." In fact, one
could presume that Shelley is commenting upon parenting, as I feel that she
makes numerous references to the pressures and realities of being a parent. It
is ironic to note that it took Victor nine months to create his monster. To
return to a biblical reference, Frankenstein resembles Eve through the creation
of the monster. Discovering knowledge, as Eve does by eating the apple or Frankensteinâs pursuing "nature to her hiding
places," they both enter into their enterprises
without prior knowledge of what their actions may entail, Victor knows not
"eating death."
This theme of parenting and motherly love emulates Shelleyâs
own tragedies, fears and joys with birthing children and their subsequent
upbringing. Frankenstein is a tale with Faustian characteristics but it is also
a tale of man trying to create a child without a woman. Throughout the novel,
in the development and education of Frankensteinâs
creation, she discusses the parallel development and education an abandoned or
neglected child experiences, in closely following the nurturing theories of
Montaigne. Shelley certainly asserts that the role of parenting is extremely
important for the healthy and happy growth and subsequent maturation of a
child. Mary Shelleyâs young adult life was besieged
by pregnancies, childbirth, miscarriages and death. She bore four children of
which only one child survived to adulthood. She additionally experienced a
miscarriage which almost killed her. Thus at the time she conceived the novelâs storyline, at the tender age of nineteen, her first
child Claire, had died and her second child, William, was only 6 months old. (Shelley, p. viii). There is no doubt that Mary expected to
have more children. Therefore, the issues of pregnancy and child development
were the pivotal issues in her own, solitary life (Percy was not very
supportive). Thus in Frankenstein, Shelley examines her own trepidation and
philosophy about childbirth and child maturation.
The topics of parenting and childbirth had been previously avoided by male
authors, as it was
regarded as a taboo subject. Maryâs explores parentâs questions through Victor. His actions and
consequently his creationâs actions answer the
parental queries: What if I do not love my child? What if my child is deformed?
Could I wish my own child to die? They surface from her and any parentâs natural fears, concerning possible physical
handicaps, a bad tempered child, etc. These questions and fears that Mary felt,
are expressed through Victorâs complete failure as a
parent and namely, as a mother.
Upon the "birth" of his creation, Frankenstein does not rejoice or
reach out to his "child," but instead rushes out of the room
incredibly repulsed by the disgusting and abnormal physical appearance of his
creation. The birth itself is unlovingly described,
" I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open: it breathed hard and a
convulsive motion agitated its limbs (Shelley, p. 42)." When the creature
attempts to follow him, Victor continues his escape thus abandoning his child,
his newborn. The amount of Frankensteinâs lack of
attention to his creatureâs outward appearance is
disturbing. He knew of the creatureâs gigantic
proportions. He never considered what would be the results of his actions, i.e, how could the creation coexist with other beings.
Frankenstein admits that the creation of his "child" was an accident
or mistake (Shelley, p. 42).
Unlike a parent who would care equally for a deformed child, Frankstein abandons his "child" and all of his
parental responsibility. Victor commits the ultimate act of hatred towards his
creation, by his outright disavowal and renunciation of all parental ties.
Victor is an abuser, who mistreats the abused, namely the monster, who becomes
an abuser himself. Indeed, many parents follow this same pattern of neglect and
abuse, sadly as Victor does. Here, we can assume as the reader that Mary is
commenting upon appropriate parenting techniques and their subsequent
importance. Ironically, the creatureâs first murder
victim is a small girl which he wishes to adopt. Indeed, Victor wishes that his
creation die: "I gnashed my teeth, my eyes became inflamed, and I ardently
wished to extinguish that life which I had so thoughtlessly bestowed (Shelley,
p.76). Towards the end of the novel, the creature has feelings of vengeance and
resentment towards his "father," because of Frankensteinâs
lack of parental care. Ironically and interestingly enough, Montaigne states,
"If we wish to be beloved by our children, if we wish to take from them
all reason to desire our death - let us supply their lives with everything in
our power (Montaigne, Ibid, p.142)." Here, one can observe that Shelley
explores the plight of the abandoned child, the direct result of faulty
parenting.
The creature is fully aware of the absence of a parental figure in his life.
His encounter with the De Laceys, displaces him from
his "natural state," displays to him the family unit, exposes him to
education, and to the laws and customs of society. The creature understands his
alienation from
society. This embitters him and causes his subsequent vindictiveness towards
society and Victor. The creature, himself, eloquently describes his plight:
. . . I possessed no money, no friends, no kind of
property. I was, besides, endowed with a figure hideously deformed and loathsome.
. . .I cannot describe to you the agony that these reflections inflicted upon
me; (Shelley, p. 105)
The absence of love and understanding in the creatureâs
life, implies that he would have profited from the
additional absence of his formed consciousness. Frankensteinâs
son would have benefited by remaining in an animal-like state in the
wilderness. Certainly, Rousseau would be in concord with this statement. The creatureâs greatest and most painful rite of passage was
his realization that he was all alone, again referring back to the Adam motif.
His father, Frankstein, mimics the behavior of a
typical abuser by his total blindness realizing what he has done to his child.
My supposition is that if Victor had felt remorse for the trespasses he has
committed against his son and loved him, the creature would not have become a
killer. The creature would have been able to overcome his other shortcomings if
he had someone to love and nurture him.
Faustus and Frankenstein both never contemplated the results of their probing
actions into the deep crevices of the secrets of nature. They could only see
the excitement and challenge to their ultimate goals. Frankenstein should have
paid more attention to his decisions. However, one could assert that
Frankenstein, himself, was trying to create a substitute for his own deceased
mother. Indeed, Victor was deeply adversely affected by the premature and
untimely death of his vivacious and nurturing mother. Perhaps Victor was not in
an emotionally healthy state when he made the decision to create his child.
Here, Shelley is discussing the pros and cons of contemplation before
conceiving a child. It is interesting to think that Shelley, herself, probably
never had the luxury of the choice, whether it was due to the lack of family
planning technology or her own emotional obstacles.
The journey from Frankensteinâs Faustian beginnings
to his role as a neglectful parent, is a deeply
interconnected and richly developed expedition within the novel. My assertion
is that the greater part of this work is an articulation of one womanâs fears or to expand to a greater spectrum, the fears
of most parents. Mary Shelley, as a parent, asks the question which all of
society and psychology poses: Can an "un-mothered" child who
experiences more pain than pleasure, ever be able to develop into a moral,
considerate and functional member of society?"
"You seek for knowledge and wisdom, as I once did; and I ardently hope
that the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as
mine has been"
-Victor Frankenstein
© Copyright
1998-1999 Jessica M. Natale
na609@aol.com
Last Modified: July 9, 1998
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