Critical Perspective

Cristina Sandru and Sean Matthews, 2002

 

The 'chameleon of British letters', a brilliant essayist with an engaging ironic touch, the architect of a renaissance in the 'novel of ideas', a conspicuous francophile, and (in the person of his alter-ego, pulp-fiction writer Dan Kavanagh) the master of suspense, Julian Barnes cuts a distinctive figure even within that striking group of gifted British male writers that includes Martin Amis, Ian McEwan, Graham Swift and Peter Ackroyd.

After initial success as reviewer and ultimately literary editor for the New Statesman and the New Review, then as a freelance television critic and foreign correspondent (in London) for The New Yorker, Barnes published his first novel, Metroland (1980), relatively late in his career, though - as if to make up for lost time - he has been startlingly productive since then, publishing 13 more novels (including the four thrillers published under the pseudonym of Dan Kavanagh), a book of short stories and a recent collection of essays, Something to Declare (2002). This body of work consistently resists categorization, challenging conventional expectations: the fictions, in particular, are formally reminiscent of the postmodern texts of Italo Calvino or Milan Kundera in their elegance, sophistication, and linguistic playfulness. Unlike these writers, however, Barnes returns repeatedly, seriously, even obsessively (if often also humorously), to a series of key themes connected to the passions and inconsistencies of the human heart, exploring the unsettling nature of love and (in)fidelity, dislocation, the quest for authenticity and truth, and the irretrievability of the past.

Barnes's distinctive blend of narrative experimentation and psychological realism is already apparent in Metroland, a highly intelligent, humorous and touching 'coming of age' novel, a bildungsroman for middle-class suburban London. In his second novel, Before She Met Me (1982), he still more fully deploys the potentialities of a network of themes centred in love, infidelity and jealousy. The work is a compelling study of the complexity of relationships between men and women, of the pervasive sentiments of disturbance, unease and painful longing attendant on commitment and intimacy. Commenting specifically on this novel, Barnes effectively characterizes the thrust of his oeuvre: the effort to capture 'what is constant in the human heart and human passions'.

Barnes's third and most widely acclaimed novel, Flaubert's Parrot (1984), sets an intricate intertextual web of allusions, references and literary improvisation within the apparently realistic story of Geoffrey Braithwaite, a retired English doctor now freely indulging a lifelong interest/obsession with Gustave Flaubert. Beneath this narrative, however, runs a further personal drama, concerning the infidelity and death of the narrator's wife. The search for 'authenticity' - in art as well as in love - thus forms the unifying motif of the work, which evolves in the form of a hybrid, subjective, incomplete and contradictory collage of fiction, literary criticism, satire, biography, as well as medieval bestiary, 'train-spotter's guide' and even examination paper. This medley of prose genres subverts all conventional taxonomic boundaries yet, despite its textbook 'postmodern' techniques ('bricolage,' unreliability of the narrative voice, linguistic self-consciousness), the novel remains relentless in its quest for historical truth, stressing the necessity of both acknowledging the irretrievability of the past and learning to cope with its present effects.

The multiplicity of discursive genres is also the distinguishing feature of A History of the World in 10 1/2 Chapters (1989); so much so that the work generated lively critical controversy as to whether it was actually a novel at all. Despite its looseness of form, the book does cohere around its persistent questioning of our knowledge of the past. Underlying the variety of narrative voices is a gentle, humane, self-reflexive meditation insisting on the necessary preservation of love as the only viable way of coping with the burden of history - there are echoes of the questioning course and gentle envoi of Philip Larkin's 'An Arundel Tomb', 'What will survive of us is love'. This theme, and its various unpredictable permutations, returns more overtly in Talking It Over (1991), a novel written as a series of private monologues directed to the reader, in which we are presented the alternative, often contradictory, versions of a love triangle. At the same time, Barnes's capacity for irony receives its most powerful expression to date in the sarcastic figure of Oliver, a character whose outbursts foreshadow in many ways the anger and satire of England, England (1999).

The tripartite structure of England, England allows for a contrastive juxtaposition of tones - the keen, childlike Martha of the first part gradually transformed into the tired figure leading a harsh, uneventful life in a poignantly imagined 'olde' pre-industrial England. In between these passages stretches a dystopian vision - the 'England, England' of the title - in which simulacra have taken the place of reality and copies supplant originals, a Theme Park England. The Isle of Wright now houses all the major touristic and cultural attractions usually associated with 'Englishness' - beefeaters and black cabs, double-deckers and thatched cottages, the Battle of Britain 'reenacted' at regular intervals, Robin Hood and his companions in a miniature Sherwood forest, and even a half-size replica of Buckingham Palace. The satire is ingenious and funny, but behind the lampoons lurks the melancholy paradox of a future condemned to repeat its past, as virtual reality turns into the nightmarish repeat of pre-modern history.

The preoccupation with contemporary life, further evident in the essayistic and philosophical aspects of his work, is a constant point of reference for Julian Barnes. He has declared himself a 'moralist', and there is always in his novels a longing for a territory of the imagination in which love could indeed be an effective remaining hope. Despite the unsettling ambivalences and deconstructive tendencies most powerfully at work in such celebrated 'post-modern' novels as Flaubert's Parrot and A History of the World, his is the imagination of a 'quintessential humanist, of the pre-postmodern species' (Joyce Carol Oates) and the voice of one of the most distinguished and refined intellectuals in the literary scene of contemporary Britain.

 

 

© British Council

URL: http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth1#bibliography

 

 

Biography [1]  [2]  [3]  [4] 

Books [1]  [2]

Articles  [1]  [2]  [3]  [4]  [5]  [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

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